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PURITANISM IN NEW ENGLAND SEMINAR ONE

This seminar explores the beliefs, functions of Puritan writers, rise of Puritanism, Puritan sermons, Reformation in Europe, the concept of Puritanism, and the success of the doctrine. Topics include Total Depravity, Predestination, Limited Atonement, Irresistible Grace, Perseverance of the Saints, and more.

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PURITANISM IN NEW ENGLAND SEMINAR ONE

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  1. PURITANISM IN NEW ENGLAND SEMINAR ONE

  2. ABOUT PURITANISM IN GENERAL • Total Depravity - through Adam and Eve's fall, every person is born sinful - concept of Original Sin. • Predestination-only a few are selected for salvation • Limited Atonement - Jesus died for the chosen only, not for everyone. • Irresistible Grace - God's grace is freely given, it cannot be earned or denied. Grace is defined as the saving and transfiguring power of God-covenant of grace • Perseverance of the "saints" –onlyvisiblesaintscaninterpretdivineintent • Typology: God’swillcan be discernedin human action and naturalphenomena

  3. MORE PURITAN BELIEFS…. • A cyclicalorrepetitiveview of history. HistorycontainstypesMosesprefiguringJesus, Jonah’spatience is reflectedinJesus’spietyonthecross, MosesasforerunnertoPilgrimscrossingtheAtlantic • Beware of backsliding, weakeningoffaith. Importance of constantsoulsearching, self-examination, constantprayerinordertoavoid sin and temptation

  4. FUNCTIONS OF PURITAN WRITERS • To interpret God’s will to the average person • To demystify, yet glorify God • To show the Bible and God’s relevance to everyday life and the universe

  5. THE RISE OF PURITANISM • The forming agent of literary and cultural consciousness • Desire to form the new Zion • Reformation in England: • Forerunners: Wycliff, and the Lollards • Demand for the vernacular translation of the Bible

  6. THE PURITAN SERMON • William Perkins: The Art of Prophecying(1607) • Text-readingtheBiblicalpassage • Doctrine-explaining, interpretingthe text, preparetheaudiencefortheargument • Reasons-connectthe text withotherparts of theBible, ministerjustifiesthedoctrine, paragraphs, sub-paragraphs • Apllications-applytheteachingtothe life of thebeliever, totheactualmoment

  7. REFORMATION IN EUROPE • Reformationin Europe, (Luther, Calvin) • Henricianreformation • Act of Supremacy, 1534 • Under Edward VI, Calvinismbecomes more popular • 1552: Book of CommonPrayers, a more Calvinistedition • 1559: Elizabeth I, The SecondAct of Supremacy

  8. REFORMATION IN EUROPE • Division of Protestantsinthe European continent: • Luther, Calvin, • Scotland: John Knox: Presbyterianism: Church is governedbyelectedleaders, presbyters (secular and lay) • Church of England: Anglicanchurch, preservesthehierarchy of theRomanCatholicchurch, ledbybishops, archbishops • Elizabeth: abletofindcompromises, yetpromotes a mediumrankProtestantism • 1603: James I, persecution of Puritans, ArchbishopLaud, followerofArminianism

  9. THE CONCEPT OF PURITANISM • A dogma system • A philosophy of church organization • A work ethic

  10. THE CONCEPT OF PURITANISM • 1549: Bishop John Hooper: becamefamiliarwiththeteaching of Zwingli and Calvin inGeneva, wasalreadypromotingPuritanism, rejectedanyattemptreminiscent of Popism • Whendidthetermcomeintouse? DuringMary I, whentheradicalreformists, non-conformists had toescapeto Europe • AnglicanslaterusedthetermPuritantoalltheiropponents: includingPresbyterians, Independents, and Baptists • 1620s: themeaning of thetermPuritanchanges: previouslyeveryoneopposingchurchhierarchywascalledassuch, nowthoseturningagainstArminianismwerenamedthisway

  11. ARMINIANISM vs. PURITANISM • Jacob Arminius,(1560-1609) deniedthebasicpoints of Calvinism: • DuetotheFall man is brandedbythenotion of Original Sin • Man cannotgainredemption • Good deedscannothelpyoutoascendtoHeaven, onlythroughfaith • Christ onlydiedforthechosenones • Godprovidesgraceonlyforthosepredestined

  12. SO THEN WHAT DID HE BELIEVE IN? • The FiveArticles of Remonstance: -universalgraceforthosewhopersevereinfaith -Christdiedforeveryone -Unlimited, universalatonement -Resistiblegrace: peoplecanresisttheHolyGhost -Libertarian free will: our choices are free from the determination or constraints of human nature and free from any predetermination by God-individualdecidesonacceptingelectionbyGod

  13. THE SUCCESS OF THE DOCTRINE • What is thepoliticalsignificance of Puritanism: • chosenfewnotonlyledcongregationsbutgovernedaswell • Furtherdevelopment of Calvinism: William Perkins, (1558-1602) recognizesthatonlytheprivilegedgroupscanbecomepredestined, thuspromotesthatthroughknowledge of theBible less privilegedgroupscangainthatstatus. Puritan dogma has to be made understandable, intelligiblefor less educatedgroups,promotion of theplainstyle

  14. THE SUCCESS OF THE DOCTRINE • emphasisonredemption • addressedtheindividualnotsocialclasses • attractiveforallgroups • elite, educatedhopedtobelongtothosechosen • Landlords, businessmen: workethictempersdiscontent, eliminateschurchholidays (more than100 a year) , greaterproductivity • peasants, miners, other less privileged: findsolaceinthedemocraticaspects

  15. JOHN COTTON (1584-1652) • Dean of Emmanuel College, Cambridge • Dominanttheologian, wrotepositionpapersdefendingPuritanism • Dreamed of a Utopia of Saints • A scholar and a gentleman • A most universalscholar, a livingsystem of liberalarts, and a walkinglibrary—CottonMather • Godwouldnotsuffer Mr. Cottontoerr

  16. JOHN COTTON (1584-1652) • crabbedstyle, asceticreasoning, Renaissancespirit • a soulmeltingpreacher, believedinthepower of thespokenword • bynature a tolerant man • AftertheHutchinsontrial he gaveintotherisingtide of intolerance • Became an apologistfortheexcesses of Puritanism • negatesdemocracy and hereditaryaristocracy

  17. JOHN COTTON (1584-1652) • Farewell sermon: before Massachussetts Bay Company leaves England in 1630 • providing Biblical support for emigration • to deflect charges of betrayal of colonists’ native land • justifying the taking of Indian land • warning of straying far from religion • protection against degeneration

  18. Gods Promise to His Plantations • I will appoint a place for my people Israell • Model for colonization, colonial life • He would accept a house from Solomon • Establish the throne of his house for ever

  19. GodsPromisetoHisPlantations • Three-fold blessings: • They shall dwell there like Free-holders in a place of their owne • Firme and durable possession,they shall move no more • They shall have peacable and quiet resting there

  20. Gods Promise to His Plantations • Which part of the document reflect the notion of chosenness? • The placing of a people in this or that countrey is from the appointment of the Lord • How did God appoint this place? • He had espied the land for them • Takes them there • Makes room for them to dwell

  21. Gods Promise to His Plantations • Causes of the Great Protestant Migration: • gain of knowledge • for merchandize and gaine-sake • to plant a colony, to settle a City or Commonwealth

  22. Gods Promise to His Plantations • to be abletoemploytalents and giftsbetterelsewhere • fortheliberty of Ordinances, toescapefrompersecution • Pushfactors—evillsto be avoydedthatmaywarrantremoveall: • a prophecyforeseeingpersecution • economiccauses: overburdenedwithdebts and miseries • topleaseGod

  23. STUDY QUESTIONS • Define some of the basic concepts of Puritan ideology and illustrate their significance in specific works. Choose from among the following: (a) "new world" consciousness, (b) covenant theology, (c) typology, (d) innate depravity, and (e) irresistible grace. • Identify the components of the Puritan sermon in the text

  24. THE PURITAN MINDSET • Original sin condemnedmankindto a life of labor, suffering, and death • ThroughCrucifixionthoserebornorexperiencingconversionaresaved • Churchesshould be comprised of peoplewith no sin, visiblesaints • no hierarchicchurchsystem • Church and stateareaspects of thesamestructuredesignedtocarry out God’s willonEarth • innate human depravitymakesgovernmentsnecessary: ifpeople be governorswhoshallbegoverned • Peaceablekingdoms, stablesocieties

  25. THE PURITAN MINDSET • strongerfamily life, more cohesivevillage life thanin England (Andover, Dedham, Plymouth) • importance of thecovenantwithGod—covenantofgrace • CovenantsealedbyBaptism and the Lord’s Supper • Chosenness • Missionconcept • Importance of work and industry • Moderationexceptinpiety

  26. JOHN WINTHROP (1588-1649) • Raised on an estate (Groton, England) purchased from Henry VIII • Studied at Cambridge University • Married at age 17 • Practiced law • Congregationalist, wants to reform the church from within • 1620: Severe economic depression

  27. Company of Mass. Bay in N. England receives a charter • Winthrop is chosen for governor • Aboard Arbella delivers his sermon • ”A Model of Christian Charity”

  28. A Modell of Christian Charity • John Winthrop’s (1588-1649) model for America • An example of the emotional history of the U.S. • A blue print for American exceptionalism

  29. A Model of Christian Charity • Foundations of the model: • agape—understanding, love, Christian brotherhood, fellowship • caritas:charity • Paul’s first letter to the Corinthians, three gifts available to believers: faith, hope, charity • Thomas Aquinas’ notion of charity • Moral or communal capitalism

  30. A Modell of Christian Charity • General view of society: some must be rich, somepoore • The King willhavemanyStewards– a servantinrealizingadivineplan • Soethattheriche and mightyshouldnoteateuppthepoore, northepooreanddispisedriseuppagainsttheirsuperiours • KnittogetherintheBonds of brotherlyaffection • Justice and mercy: twobasicrulesfor life • Mathew 5.44 Love yourEnemies

  31. A Modell of Christian Charity • The duty of mercy: giving, lending, and forgiving • Love is the bond of perfection • It makes the worke perfect • Most perfect of all bodies: Christ and his church • Christians are one body in Christ united by love

  32. A Modell of Christian Charity • What kind of love? • Spiritual, nature free, active strong, courageous, permanent • Resembles the virtue of the Heavenly Father

  33. A Modell of Christian Charity (1630) • The foundation of the Christian commonwealth • Persons: professingthemselvesfellowmembers of Christ • The worke: Cohabitation and Consorteshippunder a dueforme of governmentbothcivill and ecclesiasticall • The end: toservethe Lord and worke out ourSalvationunderthepower and purity of hisholyordinances

  34. A Modell of Christian Charity • The means: Wee must beareoneanothersburthens • Weare entered intoCovenantwithhim • Wefollowthecounsell of Micah: doejustly, love mercy, walkhumbly • Matthew 5:14 Forwee must Considerthatweeshall be as a Cittyupona Hill • A city that is setonthehillcannot be hid. Neitherdomenlight a candle and putitunder a bushel, butonacandlestick.

  35. A foundational document • Compact made among Americans • Covenant with the Supreme Being • A community united in charity

  36. THE AMERICAN JEREMIAD • SacwanBercowitch: a sermoncreatingtensionbetweenidealsocial life and reality • --provide a biblicalorspiritual standard forindividualactivityorpublic life • --describehowpeoplefailtomeetthis standard • --describe an idealpublic life following a returntoreligiousstandards • Hope v. fear, ideal v. real • Reagan’s city upon a hill

  37. CAPTIVITY NARRATIVES • Historical background • The worsening of settler-Indian relations • Aggressive expansion of whites • Undermining Indian spirituality • Aggressive expansion of Christianity • Encroachment on Indian land

  38. CAPTIVITY NARRATIVES • Indian wars • 1622-1632: Powhatan war • 1637: Pequot war • 1675-76: King Philip’s (Metacomet) War

  39. CAPTIVITY NARRATIVES • Conflicts at the Frontier—contact zone • Captives are taken for making them work as slaves • For ransom • For making up a loss in the family • For being sold to other tribes

  40. THE INDIAN CAPTIVITY NARRATIVE • 1528-1903 • Basic theme: separation, transformation, return (staying with Indians) • Narratives of confinement: Barbary coast captivity, slave narrative, convent captivity narratives, captured by UFO narratives • Indian captivity narrative: forerunner of the American novel

  41. THE FUNCTIONS OF THE INDIAN CAPTIVITY NARRATIVE • Roy Harvey Pearce: • Religious confessional • Propaganda (Indian, or French as the archenemy) • Penny dreadful—dime novels • Self-fashioning (Ogushi) –establishment of identity

  42. MARY ROWLANDSON (1682) • Attack on Lancaster, Mass. 1675, February 10 • Captured with injured six year old daughter, Sarah • Self-fashioning, rebuilding identity • Motherhood-loses Sarah, yet figurative mother to Indian children • Sewing clothes • Biblical patterns, typology, Loth’s wife, Job

  43. COTTON MATHER: MAGNALIA CHRISTII AMERICANA (1702) • NehemiasAmericanus. The Life of John Winthrop • WhodoestheauthorcomparesWinthropto: --Lycurgus of Sparta, NumaPompiliusofRome-authorofRomanlaws --FamilyrelationshiptoArchdeacon of Winchester Whatelements of his life predestinedhimfor being a leader of theMassachussettscolony? --servedasJustice of thePeaceat 18, he wasimpartial, Weighingnot cash, butthecase, learned more thanthesevenarts

  44. NEHEMIAS AMERICANUS • Howwouldyoudescribehisgoverningapproach? • Governedbymoderation, calledbyone of hisenemies: John Temperwell • Howdid he justifyhisleniency? Intheinfancy of plantations, justiceshould be administeredwith more lenitythanin a settledstate—lentogradu—byslowdegrees • Howdid he functionasNehemiah?—had tocontendwithhisownSanballats (opponents) Roger Williams, • Anne Hutchinson

  45. NEHEMIAS AMERICANUS • Howdid he createthe image of thejustleader? • Sendinghisfamilyintothehouses of thepoor, incaseofwant, providingforthem, curingpoorofstealing—providingthemwithwoodforthewinter • A mixed man: • Whenservingasdeputygovernorin 1645 he wasaccused of violating civil liberties, butacquitted • Hisinterpretation of thecovenant: corruptlibertyunderminesthecovenant, grand enemy of truth and peace, moral, civil, federalliberty:proper end and object of authority

  46. NEHEMIAS AMERICANUS • Promoted temperance • Three wives • Business problems • He left behind as an eternal memorial, the walls of New England

  47. WHAT IS THE OVERALL IMAGE? • Communitiy minded • Displays Puritan values: sobriety, frugality, sharing his wealth • Believes in moderation • Wise statesman, reliable leader • Prophetic visionary

  48. A CHRISTIAN AND HIS CALLING • General Calling: serve the Lord Jesus Christ, save one’s own soul • Personal Calling: demonstrate usefulness in a given employment • A Christian is like a man in a boat rowing for Heaven, if he follows only one of the Callings he will not reach the shore

  49. THE PERSONAL CALLING • Every Christian shouldhave an occupation, or business • First Adam, SecondAdam had a calling • Sin of Sodom, abundanceofidleness • Wearetolivesoberly, righteously • Howshouldtheoccupation be carried out: industriously, withdiscretion, honesty, contentment • Business of PersonalCallingshouldnotswallow General Calling • ObediencetoGod be a springtoyour business • Spiritualizeyour business, havedevotionarythoughtsduringyourworkday

  50. THE JOURNAL OF MADAM KNIGHT • SarahKembleKnight (1666-1727) • Firstdaughter of Thomas Kemble and ElizabethTrericeKemble • Bornin Boston, married Richard Knight • Prior tohusband’sdeathin 1706 shetakes over business tasks • Workedas a courtscrivener, organizedawritingschool, ranaboarding house • The Journal describeshertrip (Boston to New York) made betweenOctober 2, 1704-March 3, 1705

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