Biology 1407 Chapter 30

2. Adaptations Reduced Gametophyte Heterospory Ovule and Egg Production Pollen and Sperm Production The Seed

4. Figure 30.2 Gametophyte/sporophyte relationships in different plant groups Figure 30.2 Gametophyte/sporophyte relationships in different plant groups

5. Gymnosperm Evolution Fossil evidence reveals that by the late Devonian period some plants, called progymnosperms, had begun to acquire some adaptations that characterize seed plants

6. Figure 30.4 A progymnospermFigure 30.4 A progymnosperm

7. Living seed plants can be divided into two clades: gymnosperms and angiosperms Gymnosperms appear early in the fossil record and dominated the Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems Gymnosperms were better suited than nonvascular plants to drier conditions Today, cone-bearing gymnosperms called conifers dominate in the northern latitudes

14. Figure 30.5 Gymnosperm diversityFigure 30.5 Gymnosperm diversity

16. Figure 30.5 Gymnosperm diversityFigure 30.5 Gymnosperm diversity

21. Figure 30.5 Gymnosperm diversityFigure 30.5 Gymnosperm diversity

25. Figure 30.5 Gymnosperm diversityFigure 30.5 Gymnosperm diversity

26. Figure 30.5 Gymnosperm diversityFigure 30.5 Gymnosperm diversity

27. Figure 30.5 Gymnosperm diversityFigure 30.5 Gymnosperm diversity

29. Figure 30.5 Gymnosperm diversity Figure 30.5 Gymnosperm diversity

30. Figure 30.5 Gymnosperm diversity Figure 30.5 Gymnosperm diversity

31. Figure 30.5 Gymnosperm diversity Figure 30.5 Gymnosperm diversity

32. Figure 30.5 Gymnosperm diversity Figure 30.5 Gymnosperm diversity

33. Figure 30.5 Gymnosperm diversity Figure 30.5 Gymnosperm diversity

36. Figure 30.6 The life cycle of a pineFigure 30.6 The life cycle of a pine

41. Figure 30.7 The structure of an idealized flower Figure 30.7 The structure of an idealized flower

42. Fruit A fruit typically consists of a mature ovary but can also include other flower parts Fruits protect seeds and aid in their dispersal Mature fruits can be either fleshy or dry

43. Figure 30.8 Some variations in fruit structureFigure 30.8 Some variations in fruit structure

44. Various fruit adaptations help disperse seeds Seeds can be carried by wind, water, or animals to new locations

45. Figure 30.9 Fruit adaptations that enhance seed dispersalFigure 30.9 Fruit adaptations that enhance seed dispersal

51. Figure 30.10 The life cycle of an angiospermFigure 30.10 The life cycle of an angiosperm

52. Angiosperm Diversity Monocots Eudicots Magnoliids Basal Angiosperms Amborella Water Lillies Star Anise

53. Fossil Angiosperms Primitive fossils of 125-million-year-old angiosperms display derived and primitive traits Archaefructus sinensis, for example, has anthers and seeds but lacks petals and sepals

54. Figure 30.11 A primitive flowering plant?Figure 30.11 A primitive flowering plant?

55. Angiosperm Phylogeny The ancestors of angiosperms and gymnosperms diverged about 305 million years ago Angiosperms may be closely related to Bennettitales, extinct seed plants with flowerlike structures Amborella and water lilies are likely descended from two of the most ancient angiosperm lineages

56. Developmental Patterns in Angiosperms Egg formation in the angiosperm Amborella resembles that of the gymnosperms Researchers are currently studying expression of flower development genes in gymnosperm and angiosperm species

57. Angiosperm Diversity The two main groups of angiosperms are monocots (one cotyledon) and eudicots (“true” dicots) The clade eudicot includes some groups formerly assigned to the paraphyletic dicot (two cotyledons) group

58. Basal angiosperms are less derived and include the flowering plants belonging to the oldest lineages Magnoliids share some traits with basal angiosperms but are more closely related to monocots and eudicots

59. Basal Angiosperms Three small lineages constitute the basal angiosperms These include Amborella trichopoda, water lilies, and star anise

60. Figure 30.13 Angiosperm diversity Figure 30.13 Angiosperm diversity

61. Figure 30.13 Angiosperm diversity Figure 30.13 Angiosperm diversity

62. Figure 30.13 Angiosperm diversity Figure 30.13 Angiosperm diversity

63. Magnoliids Magnoliids include magnolias, laurels, and black pepper plants Magnoliids are more closely related to monocots and eudicots than basal angiosperms

64. Figure 30.13 Angiosperm diversityFigure 30.13 Angiosperm diversity

65. Monocots More than one-quarter of angiosperm species are monocots

66. Figure 30.13 Angiosperm diversityFigure 30.13 Angiosperm diversity

67. Figure 30.13 Angiosperm diversityFigure 30.13 Angiosperm diversity

68. Figure 30.13 Angiosperm diversityFigure 30.13 Angiosperm diversity

69. Figure 30.13 Angiosperm diversityFigure 30.13 Angiosperm diversity

70. Eudicots More than two-thirds of angiosperm species are eudicots

71. Figure 30.13 Angiosperm diversityFigure 30.13 Angiosperm diversity

72. Figure 30.13 Angiosperm diversityFigure 30.13 Angiosperm diversity

73. Figure 30.13 Angiosperm diversityFigure 30.13 Angiosperm diversity

74. Figure 30.13 Angiosperm diversityFigure 30.13 Angiosperm diversity

75. Figure 30.13 Angiosperm diversityFigure 30.13 Angiosperm diversity

76. Figure 30.13 Angiosperm diversityFigure 30.13 Angiosperm diversity

77. Figure 30.13 Angiosperm diversityFigure 30.13 Angiosperm diversity