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Are You a Descend a nt of Witches ?

Join Dr. Shelli Carter in discovering the fascinating world of mtDNA and its role in understanding the history of witch species. Learn about mitochondrial inheritance, the colorful graphs that reveal matrilineage, finding mtDNA in different cells and remains, the use of mtDNA in forensics, tracing human regional variation, molecular clocks, and the mystery of disappearing witch lineages. Uncover the secrets hidden in the DNA of witches and delve into the journey of The Twins and Hope.

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Are You a Descend a nt of Witches ?

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  1. Are You a Descendant of Witches? Dr. Shelli Carter

  2. When Diana First Visits Matthew’s Lab • Chapter 13: Diana learns of Matthew’s research interests • “Mitochondrial DNA can help us to understand the history of a whole species” -Matthew Clairmont

  3. First, what are Mitochondria?

  4. In mammals, mitochondria are inherited maternally

  5. Paternal mitochondria

  6. Diana First Visits Matthew’s Lab • Chapter 13: Diana sees her first mtDNA sequence • “But what are the colored graphs?”-Diana Bishop • “They’re also genetic test results…. They tell us the story of her matrilineage.”-Matthew

  7. Brightly Colored Hoops

  8. What is mtDNA? • Resilient • Circular DNA • Inside another organelle • Multiple copies • Some cells have 100s of mitochondrial genomes

  9. Witches hide their DNA • Chapter 26: Matthew reveals Diana’s rooms at Oxford were broken into, likely looking for DNA samples • “My mother insisted that I clean my hairbrush before leaving for school each morning.” -Diana

  10. Finding mtDNA • Most cells • Not found in RBCs or platelets • Degraded and old remains • More protected • Hair • nuclear DNA can only be obtained from hair follicles

  11. How mtDNA can be used • “Larger” relationships • 6 main mitochondrial genomes in all eukaryotes • Female lineages • Forensics • First case: WTC remains

  12. Female Lineages

  13. Clans • Chapter 36: The Bishop lineage is a previously unknown clan • “Through a witch’s mitochondrial DNA, we can trace descent back to one of four women who were the female ancestors of every witch we’ve studied”. –Matthew • “Except you. You and Sarah aren’t descended from any of them.”-Marcus Whitmore

  14. Human Regional Variation

  15. Human Lineages

  16. Clan Mothers

  17. Old clans • Chapter 36: The Bishop clan is old • “Clan Heh is old—no matter which mitochondrial-clock theory you adhere to”. –Miriam Shephard

  18. Molecular Clocks • Mutation rates • Coding vs. non-coding DNA • Highly variable regions

  19. Mutation Rates and Dating Lineages

  20. Disappearing clans • Chapter 36: Clan Heh is on the edge of extinction • “In either case it’s possible that without Diana’s issue Clan Heh will die out in this generation.”-Miriam

  21. First a little math…

  22. Disappearing Lineages

  23. The Twins…and Hope

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