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1. TDT 4136 Logikk og Resonnerende Systemer http://www.idi.ntnu.no/emner/tdt4136/ http://www.idi.ntnu.no/~toreamb/ JAVA/Newlogo.html

2. Overall course structure AI Artificial Intelligence (A modern approach) AI-2 Spring semester TDT4171 Methods in artificial intelligence AI-1 Fall semester TDT 4136 Logic and reasoning systems

3. Course prehistory Before IT2702 Artificial Intelligence TDT4170 Knowledge systems TDT 4125 Logic Now TDT4136 Logic and reasoning systems TDT4171 Methods in aerificial intelligence

4. What is intelligence ? Intelligence is the ability to solve new problems based on earlier experience.

10. SICStus Prolog Prolog Compiler developed by Swedish Institue of Computer Science (SICS) 1990– (?) Performance on a fast PC (3.4 GHz) > 70 MegaLIPS (70 Mill. Logic inferences/second)

11. What is Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence is the science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by man. (Prof. Marvin Minsky) AI is the study of how to make computers do things which at the moment people do better. (Prof. Elaine Rich) (Horizon effect: If it works, it is no longer AI)

12. A Definition of Intelligence An entity is intelligent if it has an adequate model of the world, it is clever enough to answer a wide variety of questions on the basis of this model, if it can get additional information from the external world when required, and can perform such tasks in the external world as its goals demands and physical abilities permit.

13. What is AI (N.J.Nilsson) AI is concerned with intelligent behaviour. Intelligent behaviour involves perception, reasoning, learning, communicating and acting in complex environments. AI has as one of its long term goals the development of machines that can do these things as well as humans can. Another goal is to understand this kind of behaviour. Thus, AI has bothe engineering and scientific goals.

14. Artificial Intelligence (AI) Grand goal is to achieve human level intelligence. AI was coined at the Dartmouth conference in 1956. Founding father John McCarthy.

16. What is ”Artificial” TRACTOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Artificial horse ? HORSE INTELLIGENCE

17. The Intelligence Pyramid Each level is a set of relations on the level below Wisdom Intelligence Knowledge Information Data Noise

18. Artificial Intelligence versus Cognitive Science Although a computer can do logical reasoning, it does not mean that the computer is trying to simulate a human. In fact, computers can do logical reasoning better than humans. We can say, with a twist, that AI is the science of correct thinking, while CS is the science of incorrect thinking. (Errare humane est).

19. Levels of intelligence 7. Can A be alive (not allowed to be killed) ? 6. Can A have a (genuine) consciousness ? 5. Can A feel real feelings (pain,sorrow,happiness)? 4. Can A think ? 3. Can A reason ? 2. Can A deduce ? 1. Can A compute ? Replace A with human/child/embryo/ape/robot/computer What is your opinion ?

21. Aspects of Intelligence Human likeness (how much does it resemble a human ?) Human performance (is it as clever as a human ?) Human like tasking (are humans doing it ?) Human like operation (are humans doing it similarily?) Human like genesis (was it made or did it evolve?)

25. What is AI (James Allen,99) • AI is the science of making machines that do tasks that humans can do or try to do • AI is not the science of building artificial people • AI is not the science of understanding human intelligence (Cognitive Science) • AI is not even the science of trying to build artifacts that can imitate human behaviours well enough to fool someone that the machine is human (Turings test)

32. Artificial Expertise Expertise (50 cents) Expertise (50 cents If most people prefer the computer to the human expert, the computer has artificial expertise.

33. Rule Based Systems Rule based systems / Knowledge based systems/ Expert Systems have played and plays an important role in the AI industry. A report from from 1993 by John Durkin: Reports on Over 2500 Developed Expert Systems Application areas: Agriculture, Business, Chemistry, Communications, Computer Systems, Education, Electronics, Engineering, Environment, Geology, Image processing, Information Management, Law, Manufacturing, Mathematics, Medicine, Meteorology, Military, Mining, Power Systems, Science, Space Technology, Transportation Types of systems: Rule Based, Frame Based, Fuzzy Logic, Case Based, Neural Network

34. Architecture of a typical expert system Knowledge base User interface: Question-and-answer Menu driven Natural language Graphic inteface Knowledge- base editor General knowledge- base Inference engine User Case-specific data Explanation subsystem Expert system shell

35. AI in Medicine (USA 1970) • Stanford • MYCIN - blood infections • Rutgers • CASNET - casual reasoning • MIT • PIP - renal disease • Stanford • Pittsburgh • Internist – internal medicine - ”the primary goal of this field is to develop computer programs that perform efficiently and are able to explain their reasoning and conclusions to their users”

36. Mycin system for diagnosis og meningitis and bacteremia (bacterial infections) IF the site of the culture is blood, and the identity of the organism is not known with certainty, and the stain of the organism is gramneg, and the morphology of the organism is rod, and the patient has been seriously burned THEN there is weakly suggestive evidence (0.4) that the identity of the organism is pseudomonas

38. Intelligent Programming/ Programmed Intelligence For a given task, it is possible to make a program that performs intelligently. (Intelligent programming) A goal is to make a program for any given set of tasks can learn to perform intelligently without being reprogrammed. (Programmed Intelligence) • Machine Learning • Genetic Algorithms • Evolutinary Programming

39. The Noble Art of Car Parking

42. Game of Life, Example of Artificial life http://www.idi.ntnu.no/~toreamb/JAVA/Babylon5.html

43. Artificial Intelligence versus Cognitive Science Although a computer can do logical reasoning, it does not mean that the computer is trying to simulate a human. In fact, computers can do logical reasoning better than humans. We can say, with a twist, that AI is the science of correct thinking, while CS is the science of incorrect thinking. (Errare humane est).

44. Tower of Hanoi Puzzle Cognitive Science: How do humans solve the TOH problem? Artificiel Intelligence: How can we make the machine solve it efficiently and autonomously?

45. Are we machines ? Can silicon computers think ? If humans are machines, then machines can think. Even if machines made of proteins can think, perhaps ones made of silicon does not. (Searle, 1992) Chinese room scenario

46. Physical Symbol System Hypothesis That hypothesis states that a physical symbol system has the necessary and sufficient means for general intelligent action. (Newell&Simon, 1976) A physical symbol system is a machine, like a digital computer that is capable of manipulating symbolic data. It doesn’t matter what the physical symbol system is made of.

48. What is understanding ?Searle’s Chinese Room Does the system understand Chinese ? Is the system conscious ? What if John has the rules in his head ?  John Rules