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Nucleic Acids

Learn about how nucleic acids, like DNA and RNA, store genetic information, serve as blueprints for proteins, and play a crucial role in transferring information for new cells and future generations. Explore the structure of nucleotides, the importance of dangling bases, and the directionality of DNA. Discover the bonding patterns in DNA, the significance of hydrogen bonds, and the key variations between DNA and RNA. Delve into the fascinating history of scientists like Chargaff, Franklin, Watson, and Crick who revolutionized our understanding of nucleic acids.

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Nucleic Acids

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  1. Nucleic Acids Informationstorage

  2. proteins DNA Nucleic Acids • Function: • genetic material • stores information • genes • blueprint for building proteins • DNA  RNA  proteins • transfers information • blueprint for new cells • blueprint for next generation

  3. Nucleic Acids • Examples: • RNA (ribonucleic acid) • single helix • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) • double helix • Structure: • monomers = nucleotides DNA RNA

  4. Nucleotides • 3 parts • nitrogen base (C-N ring) • pentose sugar (5C) • ribose in RNA • deoxyribose in DNA • phosphate(PO4)group Nitrogen baseI’m the A,T,C,G or Upart! Are nucleic acidscharged molecules?

  5. Types of nucleotides • 2 types [have different N bases] 1. purines • double ring N base • adenine (A) • guanine (G) 2. pyrimidines • single ring N base • cytosine (C) • thymine (T) • uracil (U)

  6. Nucleic polymer • Backbone • sugar to PO4 bond • phosphodiester bond • new base added to sugar of previous base • polymer grows in one direction • N bases hang off the sugar-phosphate backbone Dangling bases?Why is this important?

  7. Directionality of DNA You need to number the carbons! it matters! nucleotide PO4 N base 5 CH2 This will beIMPORTANT!! O 1 4 ribose 3 2 OH

  8. The DNA backbone Putting the DNA backbone together refer to the 3 and 5 ends of the DNA the last trailing carbon 5 PO4 base CH2 5 O 4 1 C 3 2 O P –O O Sounds trivial, but…this will beIMPORTANT!! O base CH2 5 O 4 1 2 3 OH 3

  9. Bonding in DNA hydrogen bonds 5 3 covalent phosphodiester bonds 3 5 ….strong or weak bonds? Why? Remember Hydrogen Bonds A-T (2) and C-G (3)

  10. DNA molecule • Shape: • Double helix • H bonds between bases join the 2 strands • A :: T • C :: G H bonds?Why is this important?

  11. Another interesting note… • ATPAdenosine triphosphate • modified nucleotide • adenine (AMP) + Pi + Pi + +

  12. 3 differences between DNA and RNA DNA structure • Has deoxyribose as a sugar • Double strand – double helix • Has thymine as a base RNA structure • Has ribose as a sugar instead of deoxyribose • Is generally single-stranded • Has uracil instead of thymine

  13. Scientists: • Erwin Chargaff – studied amounts of nitrogenous bases in DNA (base pair rule) • Rosalind Franklin – 1952 – X-ray diffraction to get pattern from structure of DNA - Responsible for the molecular structure • James Watson & Francis Crick – 1953 – published model and paper on DNA structure as a double helix

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