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Verbal categories

Verbal categories. Holger Diessel University of Jena holger.diessel @uni-jena.de http://www.holger-diessel.de/. Valency. Intransitive verbs Transitive verbs Ditransitive verbs. Verbal categories. tense aspect mood. Tense. past. present. future. Absolute tense

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Verbal categories

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  1. Verbal categories Holger Diessel University of Jena holger.diessel@uni-jena.de http://www.holger-diessel.de/

  2. Valency • Intransitive verbs • Transitive verbs • Ditransitive verbs

  3. Verbal categories • tense • aspect • mood

  4. Tense past present future Absolute tense Peter is working Present Peter was working Past Peter has been working Present Perfect Peter will be working Future 1 Relative tense Peter had been working (before he went to bed) Past Perfect Peter will have finished work (when you come) Future 2

  5. Tense He will come. Future ‘will’ He is gonna come. Future ‘gonna’ He is coming. Progressive They will leave when he comes. Present He is about to leave. ‘is about to’

  6. Tense Latin (IE) voc-ō ‘I call / I am calling’ PRESENT voc-ābam ‘I was calling / I used to call’ PAST voc-ābō ‘I will call’ FUTURE voc-āvi ‘I called / I have called’ PERFECT voc-āveram ‘I had called’ PAST PERFECT voc-āverō ‘I will have called’ FUTURE PERFECT

  7. Aspect (1) I have gotten a letter from Sue. (2) I was working. perfective imperfective

  8. Lexical aspect • dynamic – non-dynamic • durative - punctual • telic – atelic • inchoative - resulative

  9. Lexical aspect verbs [-dynamic] [+dynamic] [-telic] [+telic] [-durative] [+durative] [-durative] [+durative] states semelf. activities achievement accomplish.

  10. Lexical aspect (1) She hated ice cream. (State) (2) The gate banged. (Semelfactive) (3) Your cat watched those birds. (Activity) (4) The cease-fire began at noon yesterday. (Achievement) (5) Peter painted the door red. (Accomplishment)

  11. Mood • subjunctive • imperative • hortative • interrogative

  12. Mood (1) Er kommt zur Party. (2) Er sagt er komme (käme) zur Party. (3) Wenn er zur Party käme, … (1) I insist that we reconsider the Council’s decision. (2) The employees demand that he resign. (3) I suggest that you be President. (4) If she were leaving you would have heard about it. (5) I wish I were you.

  13. Mood • deontic modality • epistemic modality (1) Peter must go. (2) That must be right.

  14. Mood Imperative: (1) Give me the key. (2) Gib mir den Schlüssel. (3) Geben Sie mir den Schlüssel. Hortative: (1) Let’s go to the movies.

  15. Mood Interrogative: Japanese (1) Kore wa hon desu yo This TOP book is DECL This is a book.’ (2) Kore wa hon desu ka This TOP book is Q ‘Is this a book?’

  16. Other verbal categories • person • voice • causative • negation • direction

  17. Other verbal categories Swahili (Niger-Congo) PERSON (1) a-li-ni-piga 3SG.SUBJ-PST-1SG.OBJ-hit ‘He/she hit me.’ English (IE) PASSIVE (1) Peter kicked the ball. (2) The ball was kicked (by Peter).

  18. Other verbal categories Turkish (Turkic) CAUSATIVE (1) Hasan öl-dü. Hasan die-PST ‘Hasan died.’ (2) Ali Hasan öl-dür-dü. Ali Hsan die-CAUSE-PST ‘Ali killed Hasan.’

  19. Other verbal categories Maasai (Nilo-Saharan) NEGATION (1) m-a-rany NEG-1S-sing ‘I do not sing. German (IE) DIRECTION (1) hin-/her-bringen hin-/her-stellen hin-/her-laufen hin-/her-legen hin-/her-schwimmen

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