WORD-BUILDING IN ENGLISH

1. WORD-BUILDING IN ENGLISH

2. Word-formation • process of creating new words from resources of a particular language according to certain semantic and structural patterns existing in the language

3. Word-formation • branch of Lexicology • studies the patterns on which the English language builds words • may be studied synchronically and diachronically

4. Main types of word-formation

5. Minor types of word-formation

6. Derivational Pattern • is a meaningful combination of stems and affixes • regularly reproduced • indicates the grammatical part-of-speech meaning e.g. verbal stem + -ee = noun (‘one who is V-ed’) examine + -ee = examinee addressee, employee, divorcee

7. Affixation • formation of words by adding derivational affixes to stems • one of the most productive ways of word-building

8. Types of Affixation

9. Suffixation words are formed with the help of suffixes changes a part-of-speech meaning (e.g. work – worker) transfers a word into a different semantic group (e.g. child – childhood) is characteristic of noun and adjective formation Prefixation words are formed with the help of prefixes does not change a part-of-speech meaning (e.g. usual – unusual) about 25 prefixes form one part of speech from another (e.g. head – to behead) is characteristic of verb formation Affixation

10. Mixed Affixation • formation by both prefixation and suffixation • semantic structure becomes more limited • the more affixes added the less polysemantic the word becomes e.g. speak – unspeakable place – irreplaceable

11. Conversion • process of creating a new word in a different part of speech • with different distributional characteristic • but without adding any affixes • so that the basic form of the original and the basic form of a derived word are homonymous

12. Conversion A new word: • has a meaning different from the original one • has a new paradigm peculiar to its new category as a part of speech • the morphemic shape of the original word remains unchanged

13. face, noun -s, pl. -’s, poss. c., sg -s’, poss. c., pl a front part of the head from the forehead to the chin to face, verb -s, 3rd p. sg. -ed, past ind., past part. -ing, pres. part., gerund to turn the face towards sb/smth Conversion

14. Reasons for the widespread development of conversion • absence of morphological elements which mark the part of speech of the word e.g. back (noun) – If you use mirrors you can see the back of your head to back – Their houses back onto the river. back (adverb) – Put the book back on the shelf. back (adjective) – a back garden, back teeth

15. Reasons for the widespread development of conversion • simplicity of paradigms of English parts of speech • a great number of one-syllable words that are more mobile and flexible

16. Conversion in Present-Day English • typical of one-syllable words • not common to affixed words (e.g. a commission – to commission) • the predominant way of verb formation • verbs are mainly formed from nouns and rarely from other parts of speech • highly productive

17. Conversion in Different Parts of Speech • noun verb e.g. an eye – to eye, a bag – to bag, a room – to room • verb noun e.g. to jump – a jump, to do – a do • adjective verb e.g. pale – to pale • adjective noun e.g.private – a private, blind – the blind

18. Conversion in Different Parts of Speech • form word noun e.g. He was familiar with ups and downs of life. I shan’t go into whys and wherefores. • affix noun e.g. Freudism, existentialism and all other ‘isms’ of modern life. • interjection verb e.g. pooh – to pooh-pooh

19. Conversion and Other Types of Word-Formation • conversion and composition e.g. pin-point - to pin point, black-list – to blacklist • composition, conversion and shortening e.g. to drive in – a drive-in theater – a drive-in • conversion and composition in phrases and sentences e.g. Old man what-do-you-call-him’s book is on sale.

20. Traditional Conversion the use of a word is recorded in the dictionary e.g. to cook, to look, find, aim, etc. Occasional Conversion the use of a word is not registered by the dictionary occurs momentarily, through the immediate need of the situation, brings out the meaning more vividly e.g. If anybody oranges me again tonight, I’ll knock his face off! Traditional and Occasional Conversion

21. Shortening • a way of word-formation when part of the original word or word group is taken away

22. Shortening A new word: • belongs to the same part of speech as a the original word (e.g. demo – demonstration) • has the same lexical meaning as the original word • capable of being used as a free form • can take functional affixes (e.g. a bike - bikes) • mostly monosemantic

23. Shortening A new word: • may serve as basis for further word-formation by derivation and composition e.g. fancy (noun) fantasy (shortening) fancy (noun) to fancy (conversion) fancy (noun) fancier, fanciful (derivation) fancy (noun) fancy-ball, fancy-dress (composition)

24. Shortening A new word: • differs from the original word stylistically or emotionally, characteristic of colloquial speech e.g. Becky Rebecca (diminutive) Japs the Japanese exam examination (college slang) hanky handkerchief (nursery word) o’er over (bookish, poetic style)

25. Shortening in Different Parts of Speech • nounse.g. prof professor • verbse.g. to rev to revolve • adjectives (very few) e.g. dilly delightful (jargonism) • interjectione.g. Shun! attention

26. Types of Shortening • final clipping (apocope) - a word is shortened at the end e.g. ed editor, ref referee • initial clipping (apheresis) – a word is shortened at the beginning e.g. phone telephone, chute parachute

27. Types of Shortening • medial clipping (syncope) – some syllables or sounds are omitted from the middle of a word e.g. maths mathematics specs spectacles fancy fantasy

28. Types of Shortening • a word is clipped both at the end and at the beginning e.g. flu influenza tec detective fridge refridgerator

29. Abbreviation (graphical shortening) • shortening of word or word-groups in written speech • in speech the corresponding full forms are used e.g. lb - pound e.g. – for example i.e. – that is Dr. – Doctor Oct. - October

30. Composition • is the way of word-building when a word is formed by joining two or more stems to form one word • one of the most productive ways of word-building in Modern English

31. Compound Words • consist of at least two stems which occur in the language as free forms e.g. a brother-in-law, airbus, snow-white

32. Compound Word graphic criterion: solid or hyphenated spelling e.g. sunbeam, war-ship semantic criterion: conveys one concept e.g. a green-house Word-Combination graphic criterion: spelling with a break e.g. a tall boy semantic criterion: conveys more than one concept e.g. a green house Criteria for Distinguishing between a Compound and a Word-combination

33. Compound Word phonetic criterion: a single uniting stress e.g. a ´greenhouse Word-Combination phonetic criterion: each word in a group has a stress e.g. a ´green ´house Criteria for Distinguishing between a Compound and a Word-combination

34. Compound Word morphological and syntactic criteria: - only one component changes grammatically e.g. a tallboy – tallboys, a passer-by – passers-by Word-Combination morphological and syntactic criteria: - each constituent is independent and open to grammatical changes e.g. a tall boy – They were the tallest boys in their form. Criteria for Distinguishing between a Compound and a Word-combination

35. Compound Word morphological and syntactic criteria: - no word can be inserted between the components Word-Combination morphological and syntactic criteria: - other words may be inserted between the constituent parts e.g. a tall handsome boy Criteria for Distinguishing between a Compound and a Word-combination

36. Classifications of Compounds • according to the parts of speech • according to the joining element • according to the structure of compounds • according to the degree of semantic independence • according to the order of components • according to the motivation of the meaning of compounds

37. Classification of compounds according to the part of speech • nouns and adjectives e.g. baby-sitter, power-hungry (энергоемкий) • adverbs and prepositions e.g. indoors, within, outside • verbs (formed by means of conversion or backformation) e.g. to handcuff hand-cuffs, to babysit baby-sitter

38. Classification according to the joining element • neutral compounds are formed by joining two stems together without any joining morpheme e.g. classroom, dancing-hall • syntactical compounds – components are joined by means of form-word stems e.g. here-and-now, free-for-all

39. Classification according to the joining element • morphological compounds – components are joined by a linking element: - vowel “o”, “I” e.g. speedometer, handicraft - consonant “s” e.g. sportsman

40. Classification according to the structure of compounds • compound words proper – formed by juxtaposition of two stems without any linking element e.g. top-notch (первоклассный), tip-top • compound-affixed words – e.g. honeymooner

41. Classification according to the structure of compounds • compound words consisting of three or more stems - e.g. eggshell-thin, cornflower-blue • compound-shortened words– e.g. V-day, landsat

42. Subordinative Compound is a compound whose components are neither structurally nor semantically equal in importance, and one of them dominates the other e.g. color-blind, evergreen Coordinative Compound is a compound whose components are structurally and semantically independent and constitutes two structural and semantic centers e.g. actor-manager Classification according to the degree of semantic independence

43. Syntactic Compound is a compound that conforms to grammatical patterns current in the language e.g. northwest, for-free, maybe, killjoy, seashore Asyntactic Compound is a compound that does not conform to grammatical patterns current in the language e.g. to babysit (to sit with a baby), rope-like (like a rope) Classification according to the order of components

44. Idiomatic Compound is a compound whose meaning is not deducible from the meaning of its components e.g. wallflower – Noun, a person, esp. a woman, who is not invited to dance at a party fifty-fifty – Adv., being equally likely and unlikely butter-fingers – noun, a clumsy person Non-idiomatic Compound is a compound whose meaning is deducible from the meaning of its components e.g. mother-in-law, day-long Classification according to the motivation of the meaning of compounds

45. Ways of forming compound words • reduplication – e.g. too-too, hush-hush • partial conversion from word-groups e.g. can-do (исполнительный и энергичный)can do • backformation from compound nouns and word-groups e.g. to baby-sit baby-sitter • vowel interchange (ablaut compounds) e.g. chit-chat (сплетни), tip-top, riff-raff (сброд) • rhyme compounds – e.g. willy-nilly (волей-неволей), hoity-toity(надменный)

46. Peculiarities of English Compounds • all components of compound words are free forms, can be used independently with a distinct meaning of their own e.g. motherland, day-off, everybody • usually are two-stem compounds • attributive compounds e.g. last-minute changes, four-year course

47. Sound Interchange • way of forming new words with the help of change of sounds within a word

48. Types of Sound Interchange • vowel change – e.g. full – to fill, blood – to bleed • consonant interchange – e.g. to speak- speech, advice – to advise • the combination of vowel and consonant change – e.g. life – to live, strong - strength

49. Stress Interchange • e.g. ´import - to im´port, ´suspect – to sus´pect

50. Lexicalization of Grammatical Form • way of creating new words with the help of suffix “s” e.g. glass – glasses, custom – customs, colour - colours