1. Who is named the “Father of Genetics?” Gregor Mendel 2. Why did he use pea plants?

2. 1. Who is named the “Father of Genetics?” Gregor Mendel 2. Why did he use pea plants? To study the inheritance of traits

3. “Pure bred” and “true breeding” “Homozygous” aaxaa AAxaa AA xAA AA aa

4. Hybridand Heterozygous A a 2 Alleles are different A a A a

5. Cross two pure “true” breeding parents with different traits All hybrid (Aa) offspring result

6. What are the offspring of two pure bred parents called? TT x tt “P” Generation 4 Tt “F1” Generation

7. What results when the offspring (F1) of true breeding parents self-pollinate (breed with themselves)? PP Pp Pp Pp Pp Pp Pp pp Genotype Ratio: 1 PP: 2 Pp: 1 pp Phenotype Ratio: 3 Purple: 1 White

8. Probability= The chanceof something happening! Chance of getting heads ½ or 50%

9. More times you flip a penny, the more likely you are to get the “expected” outcome (probability). ½ heads, ½ tails

10. If you toss a coin 6 times in a row, what is the probability it will land heads for all 6 tosses? ½ x ½ x ½ x ½ x ½ x ½ 1/64

11. Independent Assortment During gamete formation, genes for different traits separate without influencing the other. Foil each parent to get 4 gametes G g Y y GY Gy gY gy

12. Complete Dominance The dominant trait (G) over shadows the recessive trait (g) and only the dominant trait shows up in the phenotype. Incomplete Dominance Neither trait is dominant over the other and a new trait is displayed. BLENDING!!! Red flowers crossed with white flowers make pink flowers. Co-Dominance Both traits are equally displayed and neither is dominant over the other. ABO blood types: A blood x B blood = AB blood

13. Describe the genotypes and phenotypes of each blood type: Co-Dominance AB has same Genotype & Phenotype

14. What are polygenic traits? Traits that have a wide variety of color ranges such as eye colors, hair color, skin color and height.

15. How many different gametes? First determine how many different letters are there for each letter type then multiply! A A B bC cD dE EF FG gH h 1x 2 x2x2x1x1x2x2 = 32 gametes

16. Can this parent AaBBccDdeeFfGgHH have a child with the following genotype? Why or why not? NO, because the parent would need to have a big E in their genotype in order for the child to have an E. A A B b C c D dE EF F G g H h

17. Know what forms from the sex cells in females and males! Female Male 4 Sperm are produced 1 Egg and 3 polar bodies are produced

18. Crossing Over occurs during Prophase 1 of Meiosis Why is this important? Genetic Diversity

19. Know the stages of Meiosis I & II The paired, Homologous Chromosomes come together during Meiosis I to make Tetrads The chromatids pull apart during Meiosis I I 4 genetically different cells result at the end of Meiosis Haploid = 1N one set of chromosomes

20. Mitosis Cellular Division 2 Genetically Identical Cells P M A T

21. MITOSIS VS. MEIOSIS Somatic Cells Gametes

22. VS

23. Karyotype • Shows: • Autosomes= all chromosomes # 1 - 22 chromosome pairs (not sex chromosomes) • Sex Chromosomes • XX= female or XY= male (# 23 pair) • Homologous Chromosomes = chromosomes that code for the same traits and pair up with each other • Inherited Disorders (ex: Down’s, Turner’s, Kleinfelter’s, Super males/females) 46 Chromosomes 23 Pairs

24. Non-disjunction –When chromosome pairs don’t separate properly during Meiosis I Can involve all chromosomes (sex, autosomes

25. Down’s Syndrome (Trisomy 21) “Trisomy” means extra chromosome

26. Kleinfelter’s Syndrome XXY Extra X chromosome

27. Turner’s Syndrome XO

28. Father determines sex of offspring Father provides either an X or a Y to pair up with the mother’s X to make a boy or girl 50% chance of Boy XY 50% chance of Girl XX

29. Normal Male Normal Female Female with Trait Carrier Female Male with Trait Line = Marriage • Pedigree Chart • shows how a trait is passed from one generation to the next • Shows male or female • Shows “no trait” “carries trait” or “has trait” • 3 Generations shown

30. Know the term Sex-linked genes/traits and how the key and Punnett square would look. What chromosome carries these types of traits? • Sex-linked gene/trait–Traits linked to sex chromosomes such as hemophilia or colorblindness XBXb x XbY female carrier x male color blind Phenotypes: 1 Female/Carrier 1 Female/Color blind 1 Male/Normal 1 Male/Color blind • Sex-linked traits only carried on X • Y doesn’t carry traits

31. Know how to do the following types of crosses: • Monohybrid Cross • (1 Trait; Complete Dominance) • Dihybrid Cross (2 traits) • Incomplete Dominance Cross • (Red, Pink, and White Flowers) • Co-Dominance Cross (Blood Groups) • Sex-linked Cross (XᴴX ͪ & X ͪY) • (key, parents’ genotypes, possible gametes, Punnett square, genotypes and phenotypes of offspring)

32. Allele- Different forms of a gene • Gametes- Sex Cells (egg & sperm – Haploid) • Gene- Part of a chromosome; codes for traits • Genetics- Study of how traits are passed generation to generation • Karyotype- Picture of all paired chromosomes • Autosomes and Sex Cells • Pedigree- Family tree (picture) shows passing of trait from one generation to the next generation • Probability- Chance of something happening • Punnett Square- Chart showing offspring’s trait probabilities

33. Dominant – Gene whose effect masks the partner (recessive) trait • Recessive– Gene whose effect is masked by partner (dominant) trait • Genotype– Genetic makeup of organism (letters) • Phenotype – Trait expressed “physical” looks • Heterozygous – Pair of different alleles (Rr) • Homozygous – Pair of same kind of alleles(RR) (rr) • Trait – Inherited characteristic (feature) • Homologous– Pair of same kind of chromosomes

34. Co-dominance – Both alleles expressed EQUALLY • Incomplete dominance – Blending of traits • Diploid– Having 2 sets of chromosomes “2N” • Haploid– Having 1 set of chromosomes “N” • Independent Assortment – Genes that separate have no effect on the other’s inheritance • Non-disjunction– When chromosomes don’t separate • Segregation– Separation of alleles