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Evidence for Evolution

Main evidence for evolution. FossilsGeographic distribution of organisms around the worldArtificial selectionHomologous structuresVestigial structuresEmbryologyComparative analysis of DNA . Fossils. The bulk of our understanding about ancient lifeBacterial cells to complete T. rex skeletonsHow are fossils formed? (Short video)http://www.teachersdomain.org/6-8/sci/life/div/becfossil/index.html.

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Evidence for Evolution

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    1. Evidence for Evolution Review (what we’ve learned so far) Mutations provide variability within species Some traits give individuals within a species an advantage - those organisms live longer and/or reproduce more = natural selection Over time, the population shifts so the all (or most) individuals have this trait = adaptation Evolution of a whole new species (speciation) takes long periods of time

    2. Main evidence for evolution Fossils Geographic distribution of organisms around the world Artificial selection Homologous structures Vestigial structures Embryology Comparative analysis of DNA

    3. Fossils The bulk of our understanding about ancient life Bacterial cells to complete T. rex skeletons How are fossils formed? (Short video) http://www.teachersdomain.org/6-8/sci/life/div/becfossil/index.html

    4. Fossil Questions 1. How are fossils formed? Organism covered by sediments (mud, sand, silt, clay, ash) Calcium replaced by minerals in the sediments over time Sometimes imprints can also be preserved (tracks, leaf impressions, etc.)

    5. Fossil Questions, cont. 2. Why do most living things not leave fossils behind? Organism was eaten Didn’t die in correct environment to be preserved Body has no ‘hard parts’ (shell, skeleton) Virtually absent from fossil record: amoebae, flatworms, jellyfish, sea slugs, etc.)

    6. Fossil Questions, cont. 3. How are fossils uncovered? Erosion brings fossils back to surface Humans dig to find fossils Determine specific locations that are likely spots to hold fossils

    7. Fossil Questions, cont. 4. How do scientists determine the age of fossils? Technique known as: Radiometric Dating http://www.teachersdomain.org/6-8/sci/life/div/radiodating/index.html

    8. Transitional Fossils A.k.a. Intermediate fossils Provide a link between past forms of an organism

    9. Transitional Fossils: Orca example We’ve believed for a long time that whales (and seals, otters, etc) were mammals because they share COMMON FEATURES with land mammals Warm-blooded (endothermic) Give live birth and provide milk for young Have hair Similar respiratory, circulatory, nervous, and digestive systems

    10. Transitional Fossils - Whales Modern whale – totally aquatic Nostrils on top of head = blowhole Tail evolved into flipper Ears modified directional hearing underwater Basilosaurus – clearly aquatic Sturdy flippers & long, flexible body Still has small, weak hind legs Nostrils on top of head Ambulocetus – amphibious (both land and water) Forelimbs equipped with fingers/small hooves Hind feet and tail adapted for swimming Nostrils on top of snout Mesocynids– terrestrial Tetrapod – limbs adapted to moving on land Ears adapted to hearing in air Nostrils in front of snout

    11. Gaps in Fossil Record Fossils for 350,000 species of ancient organisms 0nly a tiny fraction of total! Fill in the ‘gaps’ using logical reasoning and other lines of evidence

    12. Geographic Distribution on Organisms around the world Similar environments around the world contain organisms that are DIFFERENT species but have similar anatomies and/or behaviors Similar selective pressures lead to common structures and or behaviors that aid survival and/or reproduction Example: meerkats and prairie dogs

    13. Another example of Geographic Distribution

    14. Geographic Distribution, cont. Additionally, organisms from common ancestor will change in structure and function to adapt to their specific environment Prime example: islands! the more isolated the island, the more distinct its organisms

    15. Artificial Selection When humans breed organisms with desired trait repeatedly until desired affect is reached Plant and animal breeders have long taken advantage of the heritability of traits to improve crops and livestock and pets Humans use the same mechanisms to change organisms that nature uses Artificial – humans ‘select’ the best traits Natural – nature ‘selects’ most best, or ‘most fit’ traits

    16. Artificial Selection Examples

    17. Homologous Structures Similar structures in a variety of different organisms Shared trait provides evidence that the organisms had a shared common ancestor with that trait

    18. Vestigial Structures As species evolve over time… some structures become unnecessary to survival of organism Over time become reduced (vestiges) Eventually disappear http://www.livescience.com/animalworld/top10_vestigial_organs.html

    19. Embryology Early stages of related animals are very similar More closely related = more similar Similarities in the steps of development are evidence of common ancestry

    20. Comparative Embryology of Vertebrates

    21. Comparative Analysis of DNA If all organisms evolved from same original ancestors (3.5 bya), then all should share come common DNA YES! all life shares same general machinery for regulation of cell division, building cell parts, etc. Greater similarity between 2 species = more recent common ancestor

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