Extend of Ownership Enjoyment of Land jady@ukm.my

1. Extend of OwnershipEnjoyment of Landjady@ukm.my

2. Harta tak alih (immovable) - adalah harta yang tidak • boleh dialihkan iaitu tanah dan semua yang melekat padanya. Harta (property): • Harta alih (moveable) - adalah harta selain dari hartanah termasuklah barang-barang dan chattel. ownership possession Pemunyaan bermakna hak milik – atas harta alih atau hartanah. Pemunya tanah yg sah & berdaftar memiliki tanah melalui pemberimilikan oleh PBN @ melalui pembelian (pindahmilik) dari individu lain.   Umumnya pemunyaan termasuk: a. hak untuk memilikinya / mendudukinya b. hak eksklusif untuk menggunakan sesuatu c. hak untuk melupuskannya d. hak untuk mewariskannya selepas mati Milikan menggambarkan sesuatu yang lebih rendah kepentingannya dari pemunyaan. Milikan bermakna sesuatu yang berada di tangan atau di dalam pemilikan/penguasaan seseorang walaupun ia bukan hak miliknya. Contohnya: penyewa tanah, penerima pajakan dan pemegang lesen pendudukan sementara (LPS). Tidak akan ada hak (c) dan (d) di atas. Lawful Possession Unlawful Possession Tenant, Lease, Charge TOL Squarter Ttrespasser s. 5 – ‘Registered Proprietor’

3. AIRSPACE cujus est solum euis est usque ad coelum et ad inferos Piece of land BELOW THE SURFACE Concept Corbett v Hill (1870) LR Eq 671 Tam Kam Cheong v Stephen Leong [1980] 1 MLJ 36 POSITIVE S. 44(1)(a) and(c) 1. Natural incident of proprietorship NEGATIVE s. 44(1)(b) Restrictions on Ownership PRIVATE AGREEMENT 2. Acquired – easement under s. 286 By STATE AUTHORITY 3. Imposed – LAROW under s. 388 4. Compulsory Acquisition

4. s. 441(a) – Limb 1 The exclusive use and enjoyment of air space Common Law Development National Land Code 1965 Absolute - No Restriction Not Absolute – 4 considerations s. 44(1) Kelsen v Imperial Tobacco Co (1975)2 QB 334 Held: Invasion of the plaintiff’s air space was a trespass and not a mere nuisance. Subject to other provisions of NLC- Subject to any other written law- Reasonable and necessary- Lawful- Bernstein of Leigh (Baron) v Skyviews & General (1978)QB 479 Does air space subject to ownership of the proprietor s. 19 (1) Civil Aviation Act 1969 Does proprietor’s right of enjoyment affected if negligence occur resulting to material loss an damage. Karrupanan v Balakrishnen, Chong Lee Chin & Ors [1994] 3 MLJ 584 s. 19 (2) Civil Aviation Act 1969 Issues Woolertonand Wilson v Richard Costain Ltd [1970] 1 WLR 411 Is there any need to balance the rights of proprietor against the rights of people Private v Public Issue England: Rosebery Ltd v Rocklee Ltd [2011] All ER 139 Malaysia: Chen YueKiew v AngkasamasSdnBhd[2003] 4 MLJ 365

5. s. 441(a) – Limb 2 The exclusive use and enjoyment of and the land below that surface Common Law Development National Land Code 1965 Absolute - No Restriction Not Absolute – 4 considerations s. 45(2) – minerals, rock material and forest produce are belongs to State Authority. Bulli Coal Mining v Osborne (1899) AC 351 Trespass of underground; steal a neighbour’s coal. It may be committed in good faith. Some circumstances would render the wrongdoer liable to a prosecution of felony. s. 70 – Exception under NLC: permit. Equity Corporation SdnBhd v Thye Sun Quarry SdnBhd[2002] 6 MLJ 74 Defendant sought to terminate the lease. Plaintiff seeks specific performance claiming that the defendant had breach the term – failing to obtain the quarry license and other permits in 1993. That leads the Authorities refused to issue a quarry license to the plaintiff in 1997. Star Energy Weald Basin Ltd v Bocardo SA [2010] UKSC 35 Does drilling the well under Bocardo’s land an actionable trespass? Yes. The owner of the surface is the owner of the strata beneath it, including the minerals that are to be found there.

6. s. 44(1)(b) Concept Right to the support of land in its NATURAL STATE There is no interference of human activity. If soil erosion as a catastrophic activity, no claim against adjoining landowner. Negative Right: does not give a corresponding positive right to support from the adjoining property, but merely gives a right to take action if existing natural support from the adjoining land is lost or interfered with – AinulJaria et al, p. 95 Support for adjacent land Types Support for adjacent slope land National Land Code Common Law Principle Madam Chah Siam v Chop Choy Kong Kongsi (1939) Dalton v Agus (1881) At times be acquired for uninterrupted enjoyment Immediately upon disposal by State Authority OhnaMohamed Abu Bakar v Tho Yan Poh(1914) Guan Soon Tin Miing v Ampang Estate Ltd [1973] 1 MLJ 25 Yong Joo Lin v Fung Poi Fong (1941) Yip Shou Shan v Sin Heap Lee Marubeni SdnBhd[2002] 5 MLJ 113

7. s. 44(1)(c) Concept Land abuts on the foreshore / river / public places s. 5 of foreshore (between shoreline and the low water mark) Subject to: Any express provision in IDT, lease or license s. 46(1) – land affected by encroachment by the sea – revert to PBN s. 49 – cease to form part of the land - Government of the State of Penang v BH Oon [1971] 2 MLJ 235 s. 353(2) – re survey of the land having natural boundaries – no compensation payable by PBN - Re SithambaramChettiar (1955) MLJ 213 Admiral Cove Development SdnBhd v Balakrishnan a/l Devaraj[2011] 5 MLJ 309 Misrepresentation to the physical state of the property – accessibility directly to the beach

8. Thank you