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Chapter 3

Chapter 3. River Valley Civilizations. Egypt. Page 71 - 78. Page 71: The growth of cities. Egypt has almost no existing record of independent cities Village economies based on agriculture (cereal grains) Village->town->cities Irrigation started in old kingdom (2700-2200 B.C.E.)

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Chapter 3

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  1. Chapter 3 River Valley Civilizations

  2. Egypt Page 71 - 78

  3. Page 71: The growth of cities • Egypt has almost no existing record of independent cities • Village economies based on agriculture (cereal grains) • Village->town->cities • Irrigation started in old kingdom (2700-2200 B.C.E.) • NEW technology started in NEW kingdom • Irrigation, administration, and worship built cities • Decentralized economy • Unified by King Menes • Thousands of villages existed under one monarchy (Nagada I) • Capital city changed frequently

  4. Page 73: Monumental architecture of the old kingdom: pyramids and fortresses • Built pyramids to preserve mummified bodies for the afterlife • Pyramids showed royal control over the common people • Imhotep improved the design of bland pyramids

  5. Page 76: The disintegration of the old kingdom (fell in 2181 B.C.E.) • Central authority weakened and nomarchs asserted their power • Nile didn’t reach optimal flooding heights • Famine was prevalent • Thebes and Hekleopolis stood out for power and control • Weak rulers could not create irrigation systems • Death rates increased

  6. Page 77: The rise and fall of the middle kingdom (2050-1750 B.C.E.) • Thebes reunited the kingdom • Trade: caravan, eastern Mediterranean • Fine arts and literature flourished (biography of Si-nuhe) • State development of organization and power • Egypt became an empire • Nubians drove out Egyptian conquerors • Hyksos invasion

  7. Page 78: Akhetaten, capital city of king Akhenaton (Amenhotep IV) • Introduced monotheism to Egypt • Worshipped Aten (Sun God) • Erased all references of previous gods • Moved capital 200 miles north of Thebes to a secluded desert • City was razed (destroyed) after his death

  8. India Page 79 - 84

  9. Page 79: Indus Valley civilizations and it’s mysteries • Indus valley civilization was almost lost completely • Discovered in 1920’s accidentally • Scripts remain un-deciphered

  10. Page 79: The roots of the Indus valley civilization • Before discovery, believed to have started with the Aryan migration • Old fire-baked bricks, some with symbols • Harrapa, Mohenjo-Daro

  11. Page 80: Design and construction of well-planned cities • Roads • Plumbing

  12. Page 81: Crafts and the arts • Pottery • Dyeing • Metal • Bronze work • Bread making

  13. Page 81: Carefully planned cities • Citadel to the north • South is lower town • Cities laid out on a gridiron • Streets 45 ft. wide • plumbing

  14. Page 83: Questions of interpretation Classlessness (equality) • Bad: drab, oppressively rigid government • Good: prospered for centuries, cities changed little over long periods of time

  15. Page 83: Legacies of the Harrappan civilization • Harrappan and invading Aryans created a hybrid culture • Aryans introduced the caste system

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