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PN3113 HALIM MAD LAZIM

PN3113 HALIM MAD LAZIM. 2. Chapter Overview. Recognizing Different Perspectives on QualityWhat is Quality?Differing Functional Perspectives on QualityThe Three Spheres of QualityOther Perspectives on QualityArriving at a Common Understanding of Quality using a Contingency Perspective of Qualit

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PN3113 HALIM MAD LAZIM

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    1. PN3113 HALIM MAD LAZIM 1

    2. PN3113 HALIM MAD LAZIM 2 Chapter Overview Recognizing Different Perspectives on Quality What is Quality? Differing Functional Perspectives on Quality The Three Spheres of Quality Other Perspectives on Quality Arriving at a Common Understanding of Quality using a Contingency Perspective of Quality

    3. PN3113 HALIM MAD LAZIM 3 Recognizing Different Perspectives on Quality Different Perspectives on Quality There are many different definitions and dimensions of quality. For the present, you should view quality as a measure of goodness that is inherent to a product or service. Employees working for the same firm often view quality differently as illustrated in the next slide. Perceptions on Quality Can Vary In order to communicate effectively about quality, managers need to recognize that differences in perceptions of quality exist.

    4. PN3113 HALIM MAD LAZIM 4 What Is Quality? Garvin’s Definitions of Quality David Garvin of the Harvard Business School found that most definitions of quality were either transcendent, product-based, user-based, manufacturing-based, or value-based. Garvin’s Dimensions of Product Quality Using the five definitions of quality, Garvin developed a list of eight quality dimensions. Service Quality Dimensions Parasuraman, Zeithamel, and Berry of Texas A&M University published a widely recognized set of service quality dimensions.

    5. PN3113 HALIM MAD LAZIM 5 Garvin’s Definitions of Quality Slide 1 of 2 Transcendent Definition Quality is something that is intuitively understood but nearly impossible to communicate such as beauty or love. Product-Based Definition Quality is found in the components and attributes of a product. User-Based Definition If the customer is satisfied, the product has good quality.

    6. PN3113 HALIM MAD LAZIM 6 Garvin’s Definitions of Quality Slide 2 of 2 Manufacturing Based Definition If the product conforms to design specifications, it has good quality. Value-Based Definition If the product is perceived as providing good value for the price, it has good quality.

    7. PN3113 HALIM MAD LAZIM 7 Garvin’s Product Quality Dimensions Slide 1 of 3

    8. PN3113 HALIM MAD LAZIM 8 Garvin’s Product Quality Dimensions Slide 2 of 3 Performance Refers to the efficiency with which a product achieves its intended purpose. Features Attributes of a product that supplement a product’s basic performance. Reliability The propensity for a product to perform consistently over its useful design life. Conformance Numerical dimensions for a product’s performance, such as capacity, speed, size, durability, color, or the like.

    9. PN3113 HALIM MAD LAZIM 9 Garvin’s Product Quality Dimensions Slide 3 of 3 Durability The degree to which a product tolerates stress or trauma without failing. Serviceability Ease of repair. Aesthetics Subjective sensory characteristics such as taste, feel, sound, look, and smell. Perceived Quality Based on customer opinion. Customers imbue products and services with their understanding of their goodness.

    10. PN3113 HALIM MAD LAZIM 10 Service Quality Dimensions Slide 1 of 3

    11. PN3113 HALIM MAD LAZIM 11 Service Quality Dimensions Slide 2 of 3 Tangibles Include the physical appearance of the service facility, the equipment, the personnel, and the communication material. Service Reliability Differs from product reliability in that it relates to the ability of the service provider to perform the promised service dependably and accurately. Responsiveness The willingness of the service provider to be helpful and prompt in providing service.

    12. PN3113 HALIM MAD LAZIM 12 Service Quality Dimensions Slide 3 of 3 Assurance The knowledge and courtesy of employees and their ability to inspire trust and confidence. Empathy Caring, individual attention paid to customers by the service firm.

    13. PN3113 HALIM MAD LAZIM 13 Why Does It Matter That Difference Definitions of Quality Exist?

    14. PN3113 HALIM MAD LAZIM 14 Differing Functional Perspectives on Quality Engineering Perspective Operations Perspective Strategic Management Perspective Marketing Perspective Financial Perspective Human Resources Perspective

    15. PN3113 HALIM MAD LAZIM 15 Engineering Perspective on Quality Slide 1 of 4 Nature of Engineering Perspective Engineers are interested in applying mathematical problem solving skills and models to the problems of business and industry. Two of the major emphases in engineering Product design Process design

    16. PN3113 HALIM MAD LAZIM 16 Engineering Perspective on Quality Slide 2 of 4 Product Design Engineering Involves all of those activities associated with developing a product from concept development to final design and implementation. Product design life cycle Key to quality as quality is assured at the design stage. Concurrent engineering The simultaneous performance of product and process design activities. Has resulted in improved quality and faster speed to market for new products.

    17. PN3113 HALIM MAD LAZIM 17 Engineering Perspective on Quality Slide 3 of 4

    18. PN3113 HALIM MAD LAZIM 18 Engineering Perspective on Quality Slide 4 of 4 Related Concepts Life Testing Is a facet of reliability engineering that concerns itself with determining whether a product will fail under controlled conditions during a specified life. Redundancy Is applied so that a back up system can take over for the failed primary system. Statistical Process Control Is concerned with monitoring process capability and process stability.

    19. PN3113 HALIM MAD LAZIM 19 Operations Perspective on Quality Slide 1 of 6 Nature of Operations Perspective The operations management view of quality is rooted in the engineering approach. Like engineers, operations managers are very concerned about product and process design. However, rather than focusing on only the technical aspects of these activities, operations concentrates of the management of these activities. Operations management has developed into an integrative field, combining concepts from engineering, operations research, organizational theory, organizational behavior, and strategic management.

    20. PN3113 HALIM MAD LAZIM 20 Operations Perspective on Quality Slide 2 of 6 Systems View Operations management utilizes the systems view to address quality problems that underlies modern quality management thinking. The systems view involves the understanding that product quality is the result of the interactions of several variables such as machines, labor, procedures, planning, and management.

    21. PN3113 HALIM MAD LAZIM 21 Operations Perspective on Quality Slide 3 of 6

    22. PN3113 HALIM MAD LAZIM 22 Operations Perspective on Quality Slide 4 of 6 Operations/Marketing Interface In recent years, a major advance in operations management has been the improved understanding of the operations/marketing interface. The interface has resulted in an increased focus on the customer. This externalized view is important as operations managers in firms still tend to be focused heavily on meeting production schedules, sometimes at the expense of good quality.

    23. PN3113 HALIM MAD LAZIM 23 Operations Perspective on Quality Slide 5 of 6 Strategic View of Operations Management Among the recent advances in operations management has been a migration towards a more strategic view. Ferdows and Demeyer linked this strategic view of operations management to quality management by proposing the Sand Cone Model in which quality was identified as the base on which lasting improvement in other competitive dimensions were established.

    24. PN3113 HALIM MAD LAZIM 24 Operations Perspective on Quality Slide 6 of 6

    25. PN3113 HALIM MAD LAZIM 25 Strategic Management Perspective on Quality Slide 1 of 3 Nature of the Strategic Management Perspective Strategy refers to the planning processes used by an organization to achieve a set of long term goals. The planned course of action must be cohesive and coherent in terms of goals, policies, plans, and sequencing to achieve quality improvement. Initially, quality-related strategic planning was treated as if it were a separate exercise from firm-level strategic planning. However, quality management, to become pervasive in a firm, needed to be included in all of the firm’s business practices, including strategic planning.

    26. PN3113 HALIM MAD LAZIM 26 Strategic Management Perspective on Quality Slide 2 of 3

    27. PN3113 HALIM MAD LAZIM 27 Strategic Management Perspective on Quality Slide 3 of 3 Goal of Strategic Quality Planning The ultimate goal of strategic quality planning is to aid an organization to achieve sustainable competitive advantage. Research shows that quality is still the major concern of CEOs.

    28. PN3113 HALIM MAD LAZIM 28 Marketing Perspective on Quality Slide 1 of 3 Nature of Marketing Perspective Marketing efforts are often focused on managing perceptions of quality. Relationship Management Directing attention toward satisfying and delivering value to the customer. Tools for Influencing Customer Perceptions of Quality Price and advertising are the primary tools for influencing customer perceptions of quality, but are imperfect mechanisms.

    29. PN3113 HALIM MAD LAZIM 29 Marketing Perspective on Quality Slide 2 of 3

    30. PN3113 HALIM MAD LAZIM 30 Marketing Perspective on Quality Slide 3 of 3 Focus on Service Another important contribution of the marketing perspective has been the focus on service. Customer service surveys are important tools for assessing the multiple dimensions of quality.

    31. PN3113 HALIM MAD LAZIM 31 Financial Perspective on Quality Slide 1 of 4 Nature of the Financial Perspective One of the most commonly asked questions about quality management is “will it pay us financial benefits?” The financial perspective relies more on quantified, measurable, results-oriented thinking. W. Edwards Deming made the first theoretical attempt to link quality improvements to financial results through the “Deming Value Chain.”

    32. PN3113 HALIM MAD LAZIM 32 Financial Perspective on Quality Slide 2 of 4

    33. PN3113 HALIM MAD LAZIM 33 Financial Perspective on Quality Slide 3 of 4 Law of Diminishing Marginal Returns According to this law, there is a point at which investments in quality improvement will become uneconomical. According to the quadratic economic quality level model, higher levels of quality will result in higher expenditures. This view is at odds with the ethic of continual improvement.

    34. PN3113 HALIM MAD LAZIM 34 34

    35. PN3113 HALIM MAD LAZIM 35 Human Resources Perspective on Quality Slide 1 of 3 Nature of Human Resources Perspective Understanding the human resources perspective on quality is essential as it is impossible to implement quality without the commitment and action of employees. Related Concepts Employee Empowerment Organizational Design Job Analysis 360-degree evaluation Total Quality Human Resources Management

    36. PN3113 HALIM MAD LAZIM 36 Human Resource Perspective on Quality Slide 2 of 3 Employee Empowerment Empowering employees involves moving decision making to the lowest level in the organization. Organizational Design Human resources managers are involved in many aspects of organizational design, such as the design of reward systems, pay systems, organizational structure, compensation, training mechanisms, and employee grievance arbitration. Job Analysis Involves collecting detailed information about a particular job.

    37. PN3113 HALIM MAD LAZIM 37 Human Resource Perspective on Quality Slide 3 of 3 360-Degree Evaluation A performance measurement system in which an employee’s peers, supervisors, and subordinates are involved in evaluating the worker’s performance. Total Quality Human Resources Management (TQHRM) TQHRM involves many of the concepts of quality management to provide a more supportive and empowered environment.

    38. PN3113 HALIM MAD LAZIM 38 The Three Spheres of Quality Slide 1 of 4

    39. PN3113 HALIM MAD LAZIM 39 The Three Spheres of Quality Slide 2 of 4 Quality Control Includes phases of analysis, relation, and generalization. Activities relating to quality control include: Monitoring process capability and stability Measuring process performance Reducing process variability Optimizing processes to nominal measures Performing acceptance sampling Developing and maintaining control charts

    40. PN3113 HALIM MAD LAZIM 40 The Three Spheres of Quality Slide 3 of 4 Quality Assurance Refers to activities associated with guaranteeing the quality of a product or service. Quality assurance activities include tasks such as: Failure mode and effects analysis Concurrent engineering Experimental design Process improvements Design team formation and management Off-line experimentation Reliability/durability product testing

    41. PN3113 HALIM MAD LAZIM 41 The Three Spheres of Quality Slide 4 of 4 Quality Management The management processes that overarch and tie together the control and assurance activities. Quality management activities: Planning for quality improvement. Creating a quality organizational culture. Providing leadership and support. Providing training and retraining. Designing an organizational system that reinforces quality ideals. Providing employee recognition. Facilitating organizational communication.

    42. PN3113 HALIM MAD LAZIM 42 Other Perspectives on Quality Slide 1 of 2 The Value-Added Perspective on Quality A customer-based perspective on quality that is utilized by services, manufacturing, and public sector organizations. Involves a subjective assessment of the efficacy of every step of the process for the customer.

    43. PN3113 HALIM MAD LAZIM 43 Other Perspectives on Quality Slide 2 of 2 Cultural Perspectives on Quality International marketers have long noted that there are differences in tastes and preferences between cultures and nations. It is not so obvious that approaches to quality improvement may differ according to culture.

    44. PN3113 HALIM MAD LAZIM 44 Contingency Approach to Quality Contingency Theory Contingency theory presupposes that there is no theory or method for operating a business that can be applied in all situations. As a result, a coherent quality strategy will need to address key environmental variables. Contingency Approach Definitions and dimensions of quality applied within an organization will, and should vary. Dimensions of quality will depend on the environment in which a company operates. Provides flexibility to managers in pursuing quality.

    45. PN3113 HALIM MAD LAZIM 45 Chapter Summary Recognizing Different Perspectives on Quality What is Quality? Differing Functional Perspectives on Quality The Three Spheres of Quality Other Perspectives on Quality Arriving at a Common Understanding of Quality using a Contingency Perspective of Quality

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