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Urban Processes

Explore the various urban processes in contemporary cities, from inward movement like rural to urban migration, gentrification, and urban renewal to outward movement like suburbanization and counter-urbanization. Discover the reasons behind urbanization, suburbanization, and counter-urbanization, along with the challenges and opportunities they present. Delve into re-urbanization efforts, sustainable city initiatives, and the evolving landscape of urban environments in a global context.

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Urban Processes

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  1. Urban Processes

  2. Urban Processes can be seen as inward and outward movements Inward Movement (Centripetal) Rural to urban migration, gentrification, re-urbanisation, urban renewal Outward Movement (Centrifugal) Suburbanisation, urban sprawl, counter-urbanisation

  3. Urban Processes Suburbanisation Counter -urbanisation Urbanisation Sustainable city? Re - urbanisation

  4. Urbanization is the increase in the percentage of a population living in settlements which could be classified as urban areas.

  5. Reasons for Urbanisation Natural increase in population – WHY? Rural to urban migration Industrialisation

  6. Urbanisation Urban growth (the expansion of cities) Primate cities “Centres of production” Need for housing, and other urban services Informal sector, public housing

  7. Suburbanization is the increase in the numbers of people living in the residential areas near the edge of the city (suburbs) leading to the outward growth of urban areas.

  8. Reasons for suburbanisation Rapid urban growth leads new residential areas being built in suburbs Social problems and overcrowding in inner city areas cause richer people to move to suburbs Improving public transport Linked to de-industrialization such as shipbuilding, warehouses or factories closing

  9. Suburbanisation Urban sprawl Separate smaller settlements merge Pressure on rural/urban fringe Increased segregation A vicious circle of decline in inner city areas. “Donut cities”

  10. Counterurbanization is the movement away from the urban centres to smaller towns and cities or rural areas

  11. Reasons for counter-urbanisation Increased car ownership Increased wealth De-industrialisation Relocation of industry/employment to rural urban fringe Desire for safe, pleasant environment, the rural ideal/utopia Perception of urban areas as dangerous, high levels of crime, racial/ethnic problems – ‘white flight’ Change in tenure from public/renting to private ownership. Sell property and move out.

  12. Counter-urbanisation People move to satellite settlements within the city’s sphere of influence Increased numbers of people commuting to work in the city Increased car use Rural areas become suburbanised Rural areas can become commuter settlements Rural areas within a city’s sphere of influence can develop

  13. Reason for re-urbanisation Parts of urban areas which have declined but still have an intrinsic value because of centrality or quality of housing attract people Government sees urban decline as a problem and invests money to regenerate an area Prestige project – Olympics Tertiary sector increases, restaurants, nightclubs and retailing attracting people

  14. Re-urbanisation Cities become “centres of consumption” Gentrification – Richer people moving into poorer areas Run-down derelict parts of cities can be redeveloped Increased economic activity within cities Cities reinvent themselves as exciting vibrant places to live

  15. Sustainable city Maintain population, particularly economically active people. Develop human resources. Infrastructure and urban services. Quality of life. Environmental impact. Ecological footprint. Green design and architecture. Energy efficiencies. Carbon neutrality.

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