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2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

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4. Introduction to Motivation Motivation Theories of Motivation ] Motivation Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

5. Motivation > Introduction to Motivation Introduction to Motivation • Defining Motivation Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/motivation-12/introduction-to-motivation-64/

6. Motivation > Theories of Motivation Theories of Motivation • Evolutionary Theory of Motivation • Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs • Drive-Reduction Theory of Motivation • Arousal Theory of Motivation • Incentive Theory of Motivation and Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation • The Cognitive and Achievement Approaches to Motivation • Temporal Motivation Theory Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/motivation-12/theories-of-motivation-65/

7. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

8. Motivation Key terms • arousalA physiological and psychological state of being awake or reactive to stimuli, including elevated heart rate and blood pressure and a condition of sensory alertness, mobility, and readiness to respond. • cognitive dissonanceA conflict or anxiety resulting from inconsistencies between one's beliefs and one's actions or other beliefs. • driveActs of motivation like thirst or hunger that have primarily biological purposes. • driveActs of motivation like thirst or hunger that have primarily biological purposes. • extrinsicExternal, separable from the thing itself, inessential. • extrinsicExternal; inessential. • fitnessA concept in evolutionary theory related to natural selection; an organism's potential for survival and successful reproduction. • genotypeThe combination of alleles, situated on corresponding chromosomes, that determines a specific trait of an individual, such as "Aa" or "aa". • homeostasisThe ability of a system or living organism to adjust its internal environment to maintain a state of dynamic constancy, such as the ability of warm-blooded animals to maintain a stable temperature. • homeostasisThe ability of a system or living organism to adjust its internal environment to maintain a stable equilibrium, such as the ability of warm-blooded animals to maintain a constant temperature. • humanisticOf or pertaining to a psychological perspective, starting in the mid-20th century, that emphasizes individuals' inherent drive toward self-actualization, realizing and expressing one's own capabilities, and creativity. • incentiveSomething that motivates, rouses, or encourages; an anticipated reward or aversive event from the environment. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

9. Motivation • instinctA natural or inherent impulse or behavior; the capacity of an animal to complete a complex behavior automatically, without intermediate conscious awareness. • intrinsicInnate, inherent, inseparable from the thing itself, essential. • intrinsicInnate; inherent; essential. • masterTo learn to a high degree of proficiency. • masteryThe act or process of becoming an expert in something. • motivationAn incentive or reason for doing something. • natural selectionA process by which heritable traits conferring survival and reproductive advantage to individuals, or related individuals, tend to be passed on to succeeding generations and become more frequent in a population, whereas other less favorable traits tend to become eliminated. • neuronA cell of the nervous system which conducts nerve impulses and consists of an axon and several dendrites. • psychosocialHaving both psychological and social aspects. • self-actualizationAccording to humanistic theory, the realizing of one's full potential; can include creative expression, quest for spiritual enlightenment, pursuit of knowledge, or the desire to give to society. • self-efficacyHow one judges one's own competence to complete tasks and reach goals. • temperamentA person's normal manner of thinking, behaving, or reacting. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

10. Motivation • temporalOf or relating to time. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

11. Motivation Temporal Motivation Temporal motivation theory argues that motivation is heavily influenced by time. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."4119104c2b7719acfe0d522d7e6560a9.png."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_motivation_theoryView on Boundless.com

12. Motivation Sweets as extrinsic motivators Candy, cookies, and other treats can offer extrinsic motivation to engage in a particular behavior. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikibooks."Rewards%202."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Rewards_2.JPGView on Boundless.com

13. Motivation Father of Drive Reduction Theory Clark Leonard Hull developed drive-reduction theory, one of the earliest theories of motivation. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."ClarkHull2."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ClarkHull2.jpgView on Boundless.com

14. Motivation Evolutionary Psychology Evolutionary psychology suggests that individuals are motivated to engage in behaviors that maximize their genetic fitness. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Human evolution."CC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human_evolution.svgView on Boundless.com

15. Motivation Cognitive Dissonance and Smoking Smoking commonly causes cognitive dissonance. One rationalizes the health risks by telling themselves they are going to die anyway. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Zwei zigaretten."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zwei_zigaretten.jpgView on Boundless.com

16. Motivation Temporal motivation theory According to temporal motivation theory, the motivation to complete a task increases as a deadline approaches. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Wooden hourglass 3."GNU FDLhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wooden_hourglass_3.jpgView on Boundless.com

17. Motivation Optimal Arousal The concept of optimal arousal in relation to performance on a task is depicted here. Performance is maximized at the optimal level of arousal, and it tapers off during under- and overarousal. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."CNX Psychology, Psychology. July 26, 2015."CC BY 4.0http://cnx.org/contents/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-2cefd46e68cc@4.100:55/PsychologyView on Boundless.com

18. Motivation The Reward Center Dopamine pathways in the brain play an important role in the regulation of reward, which, in turn, motivates behavior. Some of the most important parts of the brain's reward center include the nucleus accumbens, the VTA, and the frontal cortex. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Dopamine%2520Pathways."Public domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dopamine_Pathways.pngView on Boundless.com

19. Motivation Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, higher levels of needs can only be pursued when the lower levels are fulfilled. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Maslow."GNU FDLhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maslow's_hierarchy_of_needs.svgView on Boundless.com

20. Motivation Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs states that only unsatisfied needs influence behavior, whereas satisfied needs do not. Needs are arranged in order of importance to human life, from the basic to the complex. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikibooks."Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience/Motivation and Emotion."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Neuroscience/Motivation_and_Emotion%23MotivationView on Boundless.com

21. Motivation Motivation over time This graph illustrates how a student's motivation tends to change over time: early in the semester he may be more motivated to socialize with friends; later in the semester, school work takes precedence. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Discount_curve_map.png."CC BY-SA 3.0https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Discount_curve_map.pngView on Boundless.com

22. Motivation Optimal Arousal The concept of optimal arousal in relation to performance on a task is depicted here. Performance is maximized at the optimal level of arousal, and it tapers off during under- and over-arousal. For easy tasks, a higher level of arousal generally increases performance; for harder tasks, a lower level of arousal is better. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."CNX Psychology, Psychology. July 26, 2015."CC BY 4.0http://cnx.org/contents/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-2cefd46e68cc@4.100:55/PsychologyView on Boundless.com

23. Motivation Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation Intrinsic motivation comes from within the individual and results in a sense of autonomy, mastery, and purpose. Extrinsic motivation such as punishments, rewards, and other types of compensation, come from outside the individual. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."CNX Psychology, Psychology. July 25, 2015."CC BY 4.0http://cnx.org/contents/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-2cefd46e68cc@4.100:55/PsychologyView on Boundless.com

24. Motivation Attribution • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Psychology. July 30, 2015."CC BY 4.0http://cnx.org/contents/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-2cefd46e68cc@4.100:58/Psychology • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Psychology. July 25, 2015."CC BY 4.0http://cnx.org/contents/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-2cefd46e68cc@4.100:55/Psychology • Wiktionary."psychosocial."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/psychosocial • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//psychology/definition/drive • Wiktionary."motivation."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/motivation • Wikibooks."Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience/Motivation and Emotion."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Neuroscience/Motivation_and_Emotion%23Motivation • Wikipedia."Motivation."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivation • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Psychology. July 25, 2015."CC BY 4.0http://cnx.org/contents/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-2cefd46e68cc@4.100:55/Psychology • Wiktionary."instinct."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/instinct • Wiktionary."genotype."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/genotype • Wikipedia."fitness."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fitness • Wikibooks."Introduction to Psychology/Human Development."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Psychology/Human_Development • Wikibooks."Animal Behavior/History."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Animal_Behavior/History%23Evolutionary_Psychology • Wikibooks."Introduction to Psychology/Evolutionary Psychology."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Psychology/Evolutionary_Psychology • Wikibooks."Self Interest and Social Behavior/Decision Theory."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Self_Interest_and_Social_Behavior/Decision_Theory • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Psychology. July 26, 2015."CC BY 4.0http://cnx.org/contents/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-2cefd46e68cc@4.100:55/Psychology • Wiktionary."homeostasis."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/homeostasis Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

25. Motivation • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//psychology/definition/drive • Wikipedia."Drive reduction theory (learning theory)."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive_reduction_theory_(learning_theory) • Wikipedia."Drive Reduction Theory."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive_Reduction_Theory • Wikibooks."Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience/Motivation and Emotion."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Neuroscience/Motivation_and_Emotion%23Mood_and_Memory • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Psychology. July 26, 2015."CC BY 4.0http://cnx.org/contents/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-2cefd46e68cc@4.100:55/Psychology • Wiktionary."arousal."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/arousal • Wiktionary."neuron."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/neuron • Wiktionary."temperament."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/temperament • Wikibooks."Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience/Motivation and Emotion."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Neuroscience/Motivation_and_Emotion%23The_Neurological_Regulation_of_Drives • Wikibooks."Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience/Motivation and Emotion."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Neuroscience/Motivation_and_Emotion%23The_Neurological_Regulation_of_Drives • Wikibooks."Introduction to Psychology/Psychological Disorders."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Psychology/Psychological_Disorders • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Psychology. July 27, 2015."CC BY 4.0http://cnx.org/contents/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-2cefd46e68cc@4.100:55/Psychology • Wiktionary."incentive."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/incentive • Wiktionary."extrinsic."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/extrinsic • Wiktionary."intrinsic."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/intrinsic • Wikibooks."Foundations of Education and Instructional Assessment/Classroom Management/Praise."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Foundations_of_Education_and_Instructional_Assessment/Classroom_Management/Praise • Wikibooks."Classroom Management Theorists and Theories/Burrhus Frederic Skinner."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Classroom_Management_Theorists_and_Theories/Burrhus_Frederic_Skinner • Wikibooks."Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience/Motivation and Emotion."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Neuroscience/Motivation_and_Emotion • Wikibooks."Contemporary Educational Psychology/Chapter 6: Student Motivation."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Contemporary_Educational_Psychology/Chapter_6:_Student_Motivation Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

26. Motivation • Wikibooks."Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 11/11.6.2."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Foundations_and_Assessment_of_Education/Edition_1/Foundations_Table_of_Contents/Chapter_11/11.6.2%23Defining_Two_Types_of_Motivation • Wikibooks."Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 11/11.6.1."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Foundations_and_Assessment_of_Education/Edition_1/Foundations_Table_of_Contents/Chapter_11/11.6.1 • Wiktionary."cognitive dissonance."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cognitive_dissonance • Wikipedia."Cognitive Dissonance."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Psychology. July 27, 2015."CC BY 4.0http://cnx.org/contents/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-2cefd46e68cc@4.100:55/Psychology • Wiktionary."extrinsic."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/extrinsic • Wiktionary."intrinsic."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/intrinsic • Saylor.CC BYhttp://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/BUS208-5.3.pdf • Saylor.CC BYhttp://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/BUS209-2.3.2-MotivationGoalSetting.pdf • Saylor.CC BYhttp://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/TLBrink_PSYCH13.pdf • Saylor.CC BY-SAhttp://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/PSYCH301-1.1.1-Social-psychology.pdf • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Psychology. July 25, 2015."CC BY 4.0http://cnx.org/contents/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-2cefd46e68cc@4.100:55/Psychology • Wiktionary."mastery."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mastery • Wikipedia."self-actualization."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/self-actualization • Saylor.CC BYhttp://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/BUS208-5.3.pdf • Saylor.CC BY-SAhttp://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/BUS209-6.1.1-OrganizationalCommunication.pdf • Saylor.CC BYhttp://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/BUS209-2.3.2-MotivationGoalSetting.pdf • Wikibooks."Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuros."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Neuros • Wiktionary."temporal."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/temporal Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

27. Motivation • Wiktionary."self-efficacy."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/self-efficacy • Wikipedia."Temporal motivation theory."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_motivation_theory Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com