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The Science of Rockets

The Science of Rockets. Chapter 2, Section 1 P40-45. A History of Rockets. Rocket : device that expels gas in one direction and moves in the opposite direction Rocket technology originated in China hundreds of years ago and gradually spread to other parts of the world

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The Science of Rockets

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  1. The Science of Rockets Chapter 2, Section 1 P40-45

  2. A History of Rockets • Rocket: device that expels gas in one direction and moves in the opposite direction • Rocket technology originated in China hundreds of years ago and gradually spread to other parts of the world • Rockets were developed for military use and for fireworks

  3. A History of Rockets • Origins of Rockets • First rockets made in China in 1100’s • Arrows coated with flammable powder • Lit and shot with bows • Chinese used gunpowder around 1200 • British greatly improved rockets in 1800’s • War of 1812, Fort McHenry in Baltimore • “Rocket’s red glare” British rockets used against US

  4. A History of Rockets • Development of Modern Rockets • Modern rockets developed in early 1900’s • Scientists involved: • Tsiolkovsky – Russian • Goddard – American • von Braun – German

  5. A History of Rockets • Tsiolkovsky – Russian • Described how rockets work • Proposed designs for advanced rockets • Goddard - American • Built rockets to test his designs • von Braun – German • Designed V2 rocket carried explosives • Major advances during WW II • Brought to US after war • Directed development of rockets used in US space program

  6. How Do Rockets Work? • How do rockets work • A rocket moves forward when gases shooting out the back of the rocket push it in the opposite direction • Similar to balloon propelled through air releasing gas • Fuel is burned in most rockets produces hot gas • Gas pushes outward in every direction • Gases only leave out opening in back • Gases moving out openings moves rocket forward

  7. How Do Rockets Work? • How do rockets work • Figure 3: • Action Force • Hot gases pushed out of the engine • Reaction Force • Hot gases push rocket forward / upward

  8. How Do Rockets Work? • Action and Reaction Forces • Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion: • For every force, or action, there is an equal and opposite force, or reaction • Balloon • Air moves out of the balloon - Action • Balloon moves forward – Reaction

  9. How Do Rockets Work? • Action and Reaction Forces • Thrust: reaction force that propels rocket forward • Depends on mass & speed of propelled gases • Greater thrust – greater rocket’s velocity • Velocity: speed in a given direction

  10. How Do Rockets Work? • Orbital and Escape Velocity • Rocket must have more upward thrust than downward force to liftoff • Orbital velocity: velocity rocket must reach to establish orbit around Earth • Rockets slower than orbital velocity fall back to Earth • Rockets faster than orbital velocity flies into space • Escape velocity: velocity rocket must reach to fly beyond planet’s gravitational pull

  11. How Do Rockets Work? • Rocket Fuels • Rockets create thrust by ejecting gas • 3 types of fuel used in modern spacecraft • Solid fuel • Liquid fuel • Electrically charged gas particles (ion)

  12. How Do Rockets Work? • Rocket Fuels • Solid fuel • Oxygen mixed with solid, dry explosive chemical • Example: firework • Disadvantage: once fuel ignites it burns until gone • Liquid fuel • Carry liquid oxygen & liquid fuel in separate compartments • Pumped into chamber and ignited • Advantage: fuel burning can be controlled • Electrically charged gas particles (ion) • Expel gas ions • Create less thrust • Very fuel efficient

  13. Multistage Rockets • Idea: What if empty part of rocket could be discarded so you didn’t have to continue carrying it? • Main advantage of multistage rockets: • Total weight of rocket is greatly reduced as rocket rises

  14. Multistage Rockets • Total weight of rocket is greatly reduced as rocket rises • Idea proposed by Tsiolkovsky in 1903 • Smaller rockets (stages) stacked on larger rockets • When fuel is used up, that container falls away • The next rocket (stage) ignites • Left with single rocket (stage) left at end

  15. Multistage Rockets • Total weight of rocket is greatly reduced as rocket rises • Uses • Saturn V sent spacecraft to the moon 1960’s • Used to launch satellites and space probes today • Multistage Rocket Active Art • PHSchool.com (cfp-5021))

  16. Homework • Read Section 1, p40-45 • Answer ?s 1-3 p45 AND Analyzing Data ?s 1-4 p43 • or Fill out Google Form

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