Chapter 14 Audit of the Sales and Collection Cycle: Tests of Controls and Substantive Tests of Transactions

1. Chapter 14Audit of the Sales and Collection Cycle: Tests of Controls and Substantive Tests of Transactions Dr. Mohamed A. Hamada

2. Learning Objective 1 • Identify the accounts and the • classes of transactions in the • sales and collection cycle.

3. Accounts in the Sales and Collection Cycle Sales Cash in Bank Cash sales Accounts Receivable Cash Discounts Taken Sales on account Beginning balance Cash receipts Sales on account Sales returns and allowances Sales Returns and Allowances Ending balance Write-off of uncollectible accounts Bad Debt Expense

4. Accounts in the Sales and Collection Cycle Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts Accounts Receivable Beginning balance Cash receipts Write-off of uncollectible accounts Beginning balance Sales on account Sales returns and allowances Estimate of bad debt expense Ending balance Write-off of uncollectible accounts Ending balance Bad Debt Expense

5. Learning Objective 2 • Describe the business functions • and the related documents and • records in the sales and • collection cycle.

6. Sales Transaction Accounts Business Functions Documents and Records Sales Accounts receivable Processing customer orders Granting credit Shipping goods Billing customers and recording sales Customer order Sales order Customer order or sales order Shipping document Sales invoice Sales transaction file Sales journal or listing Accounts receivable master file Accounts receivable trial balance Monthly statements

7. Cash Receipts Transaction Accounts Business Functions Documents and Records Cash in bank (debits from cash receipts) Accounts receivable Processing and recording cash receipts Remittance advice Prelisting of cash receipts Cash receipts transaction file Cash receipts journal or listing

8. Sales Returns and Allowances Transaction Accounts Business Functions Documents and Records Sales returns and allowances Accounts receivable Processing and recording sales returns and allowances Credit memo Sales and returns and allowances journal

9. Write-off of Uncollectible Accounts Transaction Accounts Business Functions Documents and Records Accounts receivable Allowance for uncollectible accounts Writing off uncollectible accounts receivable Uncollectible account authorization form General journal

10. Bad Debt Expense Transaction Accounts Business Functions Documents and Records Bad debt expense Allowance for uncollectible accounts Providing for bad debts General journal

11. Processing Customer Orders • Customer Order: • A request for merchandise by a customer • Sales Order: • A document describing the goods ordered • by a customer

12. Granting Credit • Before goods are shipped, a properly • authorized person must approve credit • to the customer for sales on account

13. Shipping Goods • This is the first point in the cycle • where company assets are given up

14. Billing Customers and Recording Sales • Sales invoice • Sales transaction file • Sales journal or listing • Accounts receivable master file • Accounts receivable trial balance • Monthly statement

15. Processing and Recording Cash Receipts • Remittance advice • Prelisting of cash receipts • Cash receipts transaction file • Cash receipts journal or listing

16. Processing and Recording Sales Returns and Allowances • Credit memo • Sales returns and allowances journal

17. Writing Off UncollectibleAccounts Receivable • Uncollectible account authorization form • This is a document used internally to • indicate authority to write an account • receivable off as uncollectible

18. Providing for Bad Debts • This provision represents a residual, • resulting from management’s • end-of-period adjustment of the • allowance for uncollectible accounts

19. Learning Objective 3 • Understand internal control, and • design and perform tests of • controls and substantive tests • of transactions for sales.

20. Audit procedures Sample size Items to select Timing Methodology for Designing Controls and Substantive Tests Understand internal control – sales Assess planned control risk – sales Determine extent of testing controls Design tests of controls and substantive tests of transactions for sales to meet transaction- related audit objectives

21. Understand Internal Control – Sales Study the client’s flowcharts, prepare an internal control questionnaire, and perform walk-through tests of sales.

22. Assess Planned Control Risk – Sales Four Steps: 1. Framework for assessing control risk 2. Identify key internal controls and deficiencies 3. Associate controls and deficiencies with the objectives 4. Assess control risk for each objective

23. Assess Planned Control Risk – Sales • Adequate separation of duties • Proper authorization • Adequate documents and records • Prenumbered documents • Monthly statements • Internal verification procedures

24. Determine Extent of Testing Controls • Audits of public companies • Audits of nonpublic companies

25. Transaction-related AuditObjectives for Sales Occurrence: Recorded sales are for shipments actually made. Completeness: Existing sales transactions are recorded. Accuracy: Recorded sales are for the amount shipped.

26. Transaction-related AuditObjectives for Sales Posting and summarization: Sales transactions are correctly included in the accounts receivable master file. Classification: Sales transactions are correctly classified. Timing: Sales are recorded on the correct dates.

27. Direction of Tests for Sales Customer order Shipping document Duplicate sales invoice Sales journal General journal = Accounts receivable master file Occurrence start Completeness start

28. Summary of Methodologyfor Sales • Transaction-related audit objectives (Column 1) • Key existing controls (Column 2) • Tests of control (Column 3) • Deficiencies (Column 4) • Substantive tests of transactions (Column 5)

29. End of chapter