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Engine Oil Jim Halderman

Engine Oil Jim Halderman . Introductions: Jim Halderman. Author of many automotive books and lives in Dayton, Ohio. http://jameshalderman.com jim@jameshalderman.com. Topics to be Discussed. Types of oils API grades SAE grades ACEA specifications OE specifications (GM, Ford, BMW etc.).

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Engine Oil Jim Halderman

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  1. Engine OilJim Halderman

  2. Introductions: Jim Halderman • Author of many automotive books and lives in Dayton, Ohio. • http://jameshalderman.com • jim@jameshalderman.com

  3. Topics to be Discussed • Types of oils • API grades • SAE grades • ACEA specifications • OE specifications (GM, Ford, BMW etc.)

  4. Ever hear this? • “Do we have to know all of this?” • Therefore I started labeling content: • A. Need to know • B. Nice to know • C. Miscellaneous useless information or in other words………..Who cares???

  5. Determine Four Things 1. The recommended oil change interval 2. The recommended viscosity (SAE rating) 3. The recommended API rating 4. The vehicle specific specification of the oil Need to know-right?

  6. Looks like a good oil … Is it?

  7. Does Not Meet GM and Others

  8. High-Mileage Oil • Usually higher viscosity and therefore can not meet ILSAC GF-4 rating • Has esters to swell seals • To be used in engines with higher than 75,000 miles • Does not have the energy rating of conventional oils • Need to know?

  9. Look for GM, Ford, Chrysler, Honda and other manf. spec’s on label

  10. Meets Ford and Chryslerbut not GM. If the manf. spec is NOT listed, it does not meet their requirements. DON’T USE. Do you think that all “quickie” oil change places use exactly the correct oil for each vehicle?? What about a warranty claim??

  11. API Ratings Gasoline Engine Ratings • SA-SJ=older and now obsolete ratings • SL-2001-2003 • SM-2004+ • SN -October, 2010 Diesel Engine Ratings • CA-CC=obsolete • Current ratings = CF-4 (four cycle); CG-4 and CJ-4 (low ash) (2007+ Engines using ULSD) • Need to know stuff

  12. API GROUPS • GroupI- Solvent refined. (Older technology) • Group II- Hydrocracked (most oils) • Group III- Further hydrowaxed (Castrol Syntec) • Group IV-Polyalphaolefin (PAO), Mobil 1 • Group V-Esters (Royal Purple and Redline)

  13. ILSAC RatingsILSAC=International Lubricant Standardization and Approval Committee • GF-1-First used in 1993 • GF-2-updated in 1997 • GF-3-Updated in 2000 • GF-4-Updated in 2004 • GF-5-Out now for use in 2011+ engines • “Star Burst” is always on the front of the container. • GF means gasoline fueled engines • Star Burst indicates that the oil is of a good quality and meets the GF rating. Usually, only 0W, 5W and 10W oils will have this symbol. Nice to know stuff……….but…..

  14. What’s Falling? • The viscosity is falling • The sky is NOT falling

  15. Viscosity • Viscosity is a lubricant’s resistanceto flow. • The viscosity of an industrial lubricant is normally given in: • cSt (centistokes) or mm²/second • measure of kinematic viscosity • Viscosity is the main feature which influences the efficiency of lubrication © epc graphics

  16. 40°C or 100 °C Calibrated orifice Viscosity Measurement Measured by timing oil flow through a calibrated orifice @ 40°C (104 F) and/or 100°C (212 F)

  17. Effect of Temperature on Viscosity • Viscosity is a measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow (“how thick it is”) • Viscosity of a fluid is a function of temperature uh….a liquid gets thinner as it gets hotter!!!)

  18. Viscosity Index Improvers VI Improvers - Are polymers (very large molecules) which inhibit the oil from thinning out at high temperatures In the Cold With Heat Uncoiling Counteracts the Normal Thinning of Oil

  19. VI Improver

  20. Viscosity SAE 40 SAE 10W40 SAE 10W -18 100 Temperature (°C) Multigrade Oils THICK THIN

  21. SAE Grades COLD (WINTER) HOT -22OF 212OF • SAE = Society of Automotive Engineers • 5W = The “W” means winter and the oil is tested at -30 C (-22F) • SAE 5W-30 = The “30” is the viscosity measured at 100 C (212 F) Need to know stuff THE “W” DOES NOT STAND FOR “WEIGHT”

  22. Do customers know?Do service technicians know? • SAE=?(Society of Automotive Engineers) • API=?(American Petroleum Institute) • ILSAC=?(International Lubricant Standardization and Approval Committee) • ACEA=?(Association des Contructeurs European d’Automobiles) • Need to know or nice to know?

  23. Scary Story • New car; FREE first oil change • Dealer used SAE 10W-30 and not the specified SAE 0W-20 (Owner’s manual) • When talking to service manager he said that it was OK to use and that “DSM can change any specifications at any time” • Service manager said that he was not reimbursed for the more expensive oil

  24. ACEA Gasoline RatingsAssociation des Contructeurs European d’Automobiles • A1-Low friction; low viscosity • A2-General use with regular oil changes • A3-High performance and/or extended oil change intervals • A4-For gasoline direct-injected engines • A5-Low friction; low viscosity; extended oil change intervals • Nice to know stuff

  25. ACEA Diesel Ratings • B1-Low viscosity passenger vehicle indirect-injected diesel engines • B2- Passenger vehicle indirect-injected diesel engine. Low viscosity. • B3-High performance indirect-injected diesel engines; extended oil change interval • B4-Direct-injected diesel engines • B5-Low viscosity and extended oil change interval • Nice to know stuff

  26. ACEA Combined Ratings • A1/B1-Low HTHS, semi-synthetic • A3/B3-High HTHS; Mineral or semi-synthetic • A4/B4-High HTHS; synthetic • A5/B5-Low HTHS, High fuel economy additives; extended oil change intervals; synthetic HTHS =High temperature/ high shear rate viscosity (ASTM D-4683) Miscellaneous useless information

  27. ACEA “C” ratings • C1- Basically an A5/B5 oil with low SAPS, Low HTHS. • C2- A5/B5 with low HTHS and mid level SAPS • C3- A3/B4 (meets 229.3) with high HTHS and mid level SAPS • C4-Low SAPS; High HTHS SAPSmeans Sulfated Ash, Phosphorous and Sulfur C rating are catalytic converter compatible oils

  28. Asian Vehicle Specifications Most Asian brand vehicle manufactures do not specify any specifications other than SAE, API and ILSAC. These vehicles include: • Acura/Honda • Toyota/Lexus/Scion • Kia • Hyundai • Nissan/Infinity • Mitsubishi • Mazda • Suzuki

  29. Typical Viscosities • Most newer vehicle manufacturers specify: • SAE 5W-20 or SAE 5W-30 • Most hybrid electric vehicles specify • SAE 0W-20 or SAE 5W-20

  30. Vehicle OE Specifications • BMW-Long Life (LL-98; LL-01; LL-04) • Changing the oil requires the dealer Service Computer to run all the auxiliary oil pumps. • Note: The filter is located behind the splash shield in the left front wheel housing; the capacity is 8 liters of BMW synthetic 10W-60 oil. (AVERAGE COST OF AN OIL CHANGE = $160.00)

  31. General Motors • General Motors- GM 6094M (many GM vehicles);need to know stuff GM 4718 (synthetic- Corvette); Dexos 1 (Gasoline engines-2011+) Dexos 2 (Diesel engines-2011+)

  32. OE Specifications-continued Ford- WSS-M2C153-H;(SAE 5W-20 GF-3) WSS-M2C929-A (SAE 5W-30; 4.0 Liter; 2.0 Liter) WSS-M2C930-A (SAE 5W-20; GF-4 Need to know

  33. OE Specifications-continued • Chrysler-MS-6395 (2005+ vehicles); MS-10725 (older than 2005) Need to know stuff • Honda-HTO-06 (Mobil 1 for Acura RDX turbo only)

  34. OE Specifications-continued Mercedes- 229.1 -Super high performance diesel-(SHPD) 229.3-SHPD extended drain 229.3-gas and diesel; extended drain 229.31- gas and diesel low ash (LA) 229.5-long life (LL) 229.51-low ash and LL

  35. OE Specifications-continued VW and Audi- Gasoline engines:502.00; 505.00;505.01; 503; 503.01; 505; Diesel engines: 506 ;506.1;507

  36. What is different with European ratings? • Usually very high viscosity index (VI) meaning that the SAE grade is broad; often requiring SAE 10W-50 or 5W-40 • Extended oil change intervals requiring a robust additive package • Low SAPS (Sulfated Ash, Phosphorous and Sulfur) • Higher HTHS (High temperature/ high shear rate viscosity)

  37. Case Study • 2003 VW Passat with a 1.8 liter turbocharged four cylinder that had been using API approved oil instead of VW 502 oil developed serious oil gelling problems • Some similar vehicle engines have seized

  38. Motorcycle Oil • Be sure to use oil designed for use in motorcycles which usually has the following characteristics 1. Higher level of ZDDP 2. Broader viscosity range (usually SAE 10W-40 or SAE 20W-50) 3. Often designed to work with a wet clutch Need to know?

  39. Fluid Molecules Why is Friction Reduced? There is less “friction” between fluid molecules moving over each other than between the two surfaces moving across each other.

  40. Connecting Rod Example

  41. C10H20 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20 MINERAL OILS SYNTHETIC OILS H H H H S H-C-C-C-C-C-H Small molecules vaporize at high temp H O H N H Impurities oxidize All molecules same size Large Molecules thicken at low temp

  42. Additives Improve the Base Oil • Viscosity Index (VI) improver • modifies the viscosity of the base fluid so that it changes less as the temperature rises allows the lubricant to operate over a wider temperature range • Pour point depressant • keeps the lubricant flowing at low temperatures • Antifoam • foam reduces the effectiveness of a lubricant • antifoams reduce/stop foaming when the lubricant is agitated or aerated

  43. Oxidation Additives Protect the Base Oil • Antioxidants • slow down the breakdown of the base fluid caused by oxygen (air) and heat • oxidation is the main cause of lubricant degradation in service • Oxidation of the base fluid causes: • acid formation (corrosion) • sludges, varnishes (blockages) • Life of a lubricant in laboratory oxidation tests is often used to give an indication of service life

  44. Additives Protect the Engine • Rust inhibitor • inhibits the action of water on ferrous metals (e.g. mild steel) • Corrosion inhibitor • protects non-ferrous metals (e.g. copper) • Anti-wear additive • forms a protective layer on metal surfaces to reduce friction and prevent wear when no lubricant film is present such as ZDDP. • Extreme pressure additive • as for anti-wear additive but functioning only when heavy loads and temperatures are encountered Roller bearing wear Gear tooth wear

  45. ZDDP • The phosphorous content of ZDDP= Zinc DialkylDithiophosphates(commonly called zinc and/or phosphorous or ZDP) • Engine oil had about 1200 ppm zinc prior to 2001 • In 2001 the zinc was reduced to 1000 ppm and in 2005 reduced again to the current 800 ppm • These are typical zinc levels; API ratings do not specify the zinc content, just oil performance

  46. What About Older Engines? • If flat-bottom (non-roller) lifters are used then a ZDDP additive may be needed: • During break-in • During service • Need to know?

  47. How much zinc is needed? • Shell Rotella T 15W-40 ( API CJ-4) has about 1200 ppm zinc. This is 50% more zinc than current engine oils (API SM, GF-4) which typically contain about 800 ppm zinc

  48. Made from cow parts “Ultimate Biodegradable is the highest biodegradability ranking determined by ASTM Standards (2.1 ASTM D-5864)” API rated=? ILSAC rated= no www.getg.com Miscellaneous useless information G-Oil

  49. Other Additives? • Don’t USE THEM!!! • Most if not all oil experts warn about adding anything to the oil. • Vehicle manufactures warn not to add any additives to the oil. • Most are friction reducers such as posi additive

  50. The “3,000 Mile Myth” • California’s 3,000 mile myth program was started because research showed that 73% of California drivers change their oil more frequently than recommended by the vehicle manufacturer • General Motors has joined the campaign.

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