The Dutch "Golden Age"

1. The Dutch "Golden Age" (1580s - 1670s) Look for the slides with writing. Study the rest – I will check on Friday!!

2. TheNetherlands:The “LowCountry”

3. Government 1. The government was dominated by the bourgeoisie whose wealth and power limited the power of the state 2. Government was run by representative institutions • The government consisted of an organized confederation of seven provinces, each with representative gov’t • Each province sent a representative to the Estates General • Holland and Zeeland were the two richest and most influential provinces • Each province and city was autonomous (self-governing) • Each province elected a stadholder (governor) and military leader • During times of crisis, all seven provinces would elect the same stadholder, usually from the House of Orange.

4. 17c: The “Dutch” Century • A certain level of religious toleration. • 1.Calvinism was the dominant religion but was split between the Dutch Reformed (who were the majority and the most powerful) and Arminian factions • a. Arminianism: Calvinism without the belief in predestination • b. Arminians enjoyed full rights after 1632 • c. Consisted of much of the merchant class • 2. Catholics and Jews also enjoyed religious toleration but had fewer rights. • 3. Religious toleration enabled the Netherlands to foster a cosmopolitan society that promoted trade • Stable, thriving economy. • “Golden Age” of artists and thinkers. • Religion and everyday life were recurring themes in their art.

5. Dutch Society

6. Dutch Society • Amsterdam, Rotterdam: granaries with enough surplus for one year. • Generally higher salaries than in any other parts of W. Europe. • Even women had higher wages. • “Protestant work ethic.” • Thrift and frugality. • Had the highest standard of living in Europe!

7. View of DoerdrechtAelbert Cuyp, 1650s

8. Oude Kerk [Old Church], Amsterdam First built in 1300.

9. Interior of the Oude Kerk in Amsterdam - Emmanuel De Witt

10. Catholic “Hidden” Churchin the Attic, Amsterdam, 1630s

11. Interior of a Portuguese Synagogue in Amsterdam – Emmanuel De Witte

12. Portrait of an Old Jewish ManRembrandt, 1654

13. Beware of Luxury – Jan Steen “Genre” Painting

14. Still Life with Gilt GobletWilliam Heda, 1635 “Genre” Painting

15. Upper-class Homes, AmsterdamEarly 1600s

16. Patrician Houses Along the Canal in Leiden

17. The Burgher of Delft & HisDaughter – Jan Steen

18. The Leiden Baker & His WifeJan Steen

19. A Young Woman with a Water Jug - Jan Vermeer, 1662

20. Girl with a Pearl EarringJan Vermeer, 1665

21. The Dutch Economy • **Fishing was the cornerstone of the Dutch economy • Major industries included textiles, furniture, fine woolen goods, sugar refining, tobacco cutting, brewing, pottery, glass, printing, paper making, weapons manufacturing and ship building • Not much inflation. • Offered far lower interest rates than English banks; this was the major reason for its banking dominance • Masters of the “carrying trade” (lowest shipping rates in Europe). • Did not have government controls and monopolies that interfered with free enterprise

22. Dutch East India Company • Dutch East India Company and Dutch West India Company organized as cooperative ventures of private enterprise and the state • a. DEIC challenged the Portuguese in East including South Africa, Sri Lanka, and parts of Indonesia. • b. DWIC traded extensively with Latin American and Africa

23. 17c Dutch Global Commerce

24. Dutch East India Ship, mid-17c

25. Return of the Dutch East IndiaFleet, 1599

26. Amsterdam Stock Market (Bourse)Emmanuel De Witte, 1653 Jewish refugees helped found it in 1602.

27. Sampling Officials of the Drapers Guild – Rembrandt - 1662

28. The Lace MakerNicolaes Maes

29. The Lace MakerJan Vermeer, 1669-1670

30. The Account KeeperNicolaes Maes, 1656

31. A Woman Holding a BalanceJan Vermeer, 1662

32. View of DelftJan Vermeer, 1660-1661

33. DutchDelftware English Delftware

34. Dutch West IndiaCompany, 1621 NetherlandAntilles

35. 18c Delftware Tobacco Jars

36. Fort Orange (Albany, NY)in New Netherlands

37. New Amsterdam (NYC) Settled in 1624. Official Flag of the NYC Seal of the City of NY.

38. New Amsterdam (NYC) Early 20c Dutch Revival Building in NYC.

39. Dutch East India Company, 1602

40. “Africa” Center PanelJan van der Heyden, 1664-66

41. The Dutch in Japan, 18c

42. Dutch Ship in NagasakiLate 18c

43. Dutch Politics

44. The Dutch Federation REGENTS - provincial level - held virtually all the power - strong advocates of local independence STADHOLDER - States General representative from each province - responsible for defense and order STATES GENERAL - federal assembly - foreign affairs (war) - all issues had to be referred to the local Estates

45. Foreign policy • 1. Dutch participation against the Hapsburgs in the Thirty Years’ War led to its recognition as an independent country, free from Spanish influence • 2. War with England and France in the 1670s damaged the United Provinces •  Dikes in Holland were opened in 1672 and much of the region was flooded in order to prevent the French army from taking Amsterdam. • 3. By the end of the War of Spanish Succession in 1713, the Dutch Republic saw a significant economic decline •  Britain and France were now the two dominant powers in the Atlantic trade.

46. The Spanish Hapsburgs & Europe(1556) Philip II consolidated Hapsburg landsat the end of the 16c.

47. The Spanish Netherlands:Union of Utrecht, 1579 The United Provinces still recognized Spanish rule, but, in 1581, they declared their independence.

48. The Netherlands (1609)

49. The Night Watch – Rembrandt, 1642

50. Anglo-Dutch Wars • First Anglo-Dutch War: 1660-1665 • Second Anglo-Dutch War: 1665-1667 • Third Anglo-Dutch War: 1674-1678 King William III Queen Mary II ascend the throne of England in 1689 after the Glorious Revolution.