Spatial Data Infrastructures in Decision Making Support

1. Course Spatial Data Infrastructures GRS21304 / K075219 Period 1 2003-2004 INTRODUCTION Case ‘SDI-Use’ Week 6 6 October 2003 (10.30 –12.30) Joep Crompvoets (+ Mary-Ellen Feeney)

2. Overview – SDIs & Decision Support • Introduction & Background • Decision Process • Availability • Accessibility • Applicability • Types of Decision-Making • Supporting Decision Makers through the SDI Hierarchy • Examples & Discussion • Introduction case ‘SDI-Use’

3. SDIs & Decision Support SDI is developed to enable ready access to spatial information to support decision-making at different scales for multiple purposes…

4. SDIs & Decision Support The purpose of SDI is always to support some form of decision, regardless of the application area

5. What is significant about Spatial Decision-Making? • spatial information is one of the most critical elements underpinning decision- making for many disciplines, • an estimated 90% of all information used by government has spatial characteristics or attributes,

6. Spatial Data & Information • 70-80 % cost of any GIS project is spent for data collection, maintenance,... • the same data sets will be collected by different agencies again & again.

7. SDI Decision-Support Motivations • Avoiding costly duplication of data c collection & maintenance • & encouraging access to common & up-to-date data for all to use in their decision-making. • … What is the significance of this?

8. SDI Decision-Support Capability • Facilitates the Decision Process AND • Facilitates different Types of Decision- Making

9. Users SDI and The Decision Process Real World Data Collection Data Sources Take Action Input of Data Data Management Data Retrieval & Analysis Information for decision-making Analysis

10. SDI and the Decision Process Spatial Data Infrastructure The Decision Process • Availability • Accessibility • Applicability • Information for decision-making • Enabling action in the real world

11. Available to use in decision-making Accessible to the decision-maker Applicable to the problem using available technologies SDI and The Decision Process Number of Datasets Data options for decision-making

12. Available for use in Decision-Making Application Areas Management Science Different Specialist & Process Knowledge e.g. biophysical & socioeconomic systems Different Fields Locations Disciplines Existing egs of problems to be addressed Between departments & organisations

13. To find, download, use data… Accessible to Decision Makers Stakeholders Skills and Training Policies Decision Makers Privacy Pricing Decision Processes Who ? Access Needs ? Incentives ?

14. Applicable to the Problem Data For overlay & analysis Models Interoperability & flexibility to work with other tools for decision support Tools Interface Usability, adaptability, user interfaces

15. Applicable to the Problem Data Models Type, content, format, metadata, language, availability, volume etc. Biophysical Socioeconomic metadata and meta models For overlay & analysis

16. Interoperability & flexibility to work with other tools for decision support Tools Interface GIS - statistics, maths, visualization, wayfinding algorithms etc. Graphical user interfaces, visual programming languages, HTML, XML, GML, web based technology etc. Usability, adaptability, user interfaces

17. Applicable to the Problem – E.G. Data Soils, Climate, Topography etc. Grain Yield Prediction GIS Models + Demographic & Economic Where people live & Grain demand for these settlements etc. Interface The combination of basic data, yield modelling, & human demand & location analysis provides a way to evaluate food security

18. SDI Decision-Support Capability • Facilitates the Decision Process AND • Facilitates different Types of Decision-Making

19. SDI Development SDI is an initiative intended to enable all spatial data stakeholders to cooperate with each other & interact with technology in an effective and efficient way to better achieve their objectives within an administrative or political level

20. SDI Development Less detailed data Global SDI The principle objective for any stakeholder is to support their decision-making. Regional SDI National SDI State SDI Local SDI Corporate SDI More detailed data More detailed Data

21. What types of Decision-Making ? • Organisational theory classifies decision-making into fundamentally three different types: • Strategic • Management or Tactical • Operational

22. What types of Decision-Making ? Organisational theory classifies decision-making into fundamentally three different types: Strategic Management or Tactical Operational Strategic decision-making is concerned with long-term goals & policies for resource allocation/management to meet defined objectives

23. What types of Decision-Making ? Organisational theory classifies decision-making into fundamentally three different types: Strategic Management or Tactical Operational Tactical decision-making is concerned with the acquisition & efficient utilization of resources to achieve defined goals

24. What types of Decision-Making ? Organisational theory classifies decision-making into fundamentally three different types: Strategic Management or Tactical Operational Operational decision-making is concerned with the effective & efficient use of resources for execution of specific tasks

25. Often less detailed data available & so requires good tools for modeling & forecasting Requires detailed data & uses tools foranalysis & integration Types of Decision-Making More Unstructured Operational Tactical/Managerial Strategic More structured

26. Often less detailed data available & so requires good tools for modeling & forecasting Unstructured Structured Semi -Structured Requires detailed data & uses tools foranalysis & integration Types of Decision-Making More Unstructured More structured

27. computer-based systems support spatial decision-making through data • collection & management visualisation, analysis & integration modelling & forecasting • & allowing more effective & efficiently execution… For example GIS, DSS

28. The development of increasingly complex spatial decision-support tools to assist in different types of decision-making is reported in A trend inAutomated Cartography (Kelmelis, 2001) Web-based DSS Internet GIS Mobile Location-based Services & Solutions Web-based Spatial Data Clearinghouses GI Technology Development Spatially Enabled Databases GIS Time 1970 1985 1995 2000 2005 Popularising Use

29. Often less detailed data available & so requires good tools for modeling & forecasting Requires detailed data & uses tools foranalysis & integration Types of Decision-Making Emphasis is on modeling how the world works/ potential realities & planning More Unstructured Operational Tactical/Managerial Strategic More structured Emphasis is on analyzing relationships & representing how the world looks/ reality & acting

30. Increasing decision-making complexity Types of Decision-Making More Unstructured More structured

31. What do we mean by Decision Complexity? • The number of criteria to be considered • The number of decision makers or people involved in the decision process • The location of decisions in time & space

32. Why is it important that SDIs support different types of decision-making? • Strategic vs Managerial/Tactical vs Operational • With different levels of complexity • Utilizing a variety of decision-support tools To support the objectives of stakeholders making decisions at different administrative & political levels

33. Decision-Making & the SDI Hierarchy SDI Level Decision-Making Global SDI Strategic Regional SDI Management/Tactical National SDI State SDI Local SDI Operational Corporate SDI SDI need to support different types of decision-making To support the objectives of & between different political & administrative levels in the SDI hierarchy.

34. Example 1: Mapping Malaria Risk in Africa Management/ Tactical Operational Strategic Decision-Making Decision-Making Decision-Making Continental Malaria distribution Maps Global SDI Regional SDI Malaria Endemnicity Data National SDI Spatial Models on geographic distribution, seasonality & endemnicity Malaria Seasonality Data Used for planning, intervention & prevention by national & international health officials State SDI Malaria Occurrence Data Local SDI

35. Example 2: Food Insecurity in Africa Management/ Tactical Operational Strategic Decision-Making Decision-Making Decision-Making Global SDI 17 countries participate in Famine Early Warning System Regional SDI Satellite Imagery Predictive rainfall/ weather data National SDI Estimates of animal/veg amt & vigour State SDI Yield data Market &  condition monitoring Local SDI

36. Example 3: Water Insecurity in Victoria Management/ Tactical Operational Strategic Decision-Making Decision-Making Decision-Making Global SDI Regional SDI Fire risk, Drought risk, Export commitments (e.g. wheat)…etc. National SDI Estimates of distribution & qty reserves Predictive rainfall/ weather data State SDI Restriction thresholds & implementation Predictive consumption Local SDI

37. Case SDI-Policy DESCRIPTION Yesterday (5 October, 2003), a national disaster happened in Utopia. The East part of the country (Purgatory Town) was hit by an earthquake (7.8 on the scale of Richter). The whole area is in ruins. Thousands of people died and many more are injured. The local fire stations and hospitals are damaged and not operational. Since an implemented SDI is missing and local archives are ruined, access to data sources for (vital) geo-information about the area has become impossible.

38. Purgatory city

39. Today (8:00 AM), the Minister of State for the Interior received the "master plan" which your SDI-project team had submitted last Friday. During this week he will have several meetings  with your team about the proposals included that document, because next Friday he has to present and defend the national SDI master plan in the parliament. After having gone through your report a first time, he asks your team whether the suggested SDI (if implemented) would have suited the current needs of the emergency services for decision-making. In addition, he notices that in his opinion several potential SDI-users and their SDI-requirements are missing. He wants to receive a reply to his question and a revised list of potential users on the shortest possible term.

40. Assignment Extend the current list of the potential SDI-users. Define for each of these the user requirements for decision-making. Trace, whether the proposed Utopia SDI, if available now, would have survived the earthquake, and if so, whether it could have supported the emergency services for their decision-making under the circumstances the earthquake has caused. Motivate your answer.

41. Objectives List the (emergency) users Determine their main Level of hierarchy Determine their SDI-requirements for decision-making Analyze (proposed) Utopian SDI suitability to meet these requirements (especially in case of emergency). Determine criteria for analysis

42. Good luck with the case assignment