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Unit II

Unit II. Common Diseases and Disorders of Body Systems. Chapter 5. Immune System Diseases and Disorders. Anatomy and Physiology. Organs: Thymus gland Bone marrow Lymph nodes Spleen Liver Tonsils. Anatomy and Physiology. Immune Response Specific Antigen and antibody reaction

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Unit II

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  1. Unit II Common Diseases and Disorders of Body Systems

  2. Chapter 5 Immune System Diseases and Disorders

  3. Anatomy and Physiology Organs: Thymus gland Bone marrow Lymph nodes Spleen Liver Tonsils

  4. Anatomy and Physiology Immune Response Specific Antigen and antibody reaction Nonspecific Inflammation Phagocytosis Physical barriers (skin & mucous membranes) Chemical barriers (acids & other secretions) First line of defense

  5. Anatomy and Physiology Types of immunity: Active natural Active artificial Passive natural Passive artificial

  6. Common Signs and Symptoms Vary depending on organ involved Related to factors, such as the following: Immunodeficient Lack of immunity Autoimmune Immunity against self Isoimmune Immunity against other humans

  7. Diagnostic Testing Skin tests Desensitization Blood count Coombs test Antinuclear antibody (ANA) Rheumatoid factor (RF)

  8. Hypersensitivity Disorders Allergies E.g., hay fever, asthma Common reactions: Urticaria Contact dermatitis Symptoms: Elevated eosinophil count Redness, heat, swelling, and itching Runny nose, coughing, sneezing, wheezing, and nasal congestion

  9. Hypersensitivity Disorders Hay fever Reaction to allergen in mucous membranes of nose and upper respiratory tract Symptoms: Sneezing Watery eyes Runny nose Itching

  10. Hypersensitivity Disorders Hay fever Causes of seasonal: Tree pollen Grasses Ragweed pollen Agricultural crops Causes of nonseasonal: Dust mites Pet dander Food allergies

  11. Hypersensitivity Disorders Hay fever Treatment: Removal of allergen Air-conditioned environment Or move to different climate Antihistamines Allergy desensitization

  12. Hypersensitivity Disorders Asthma Also known as bronchial asthma Symptoms: Extreme shortness of breath Difficulty breathing Wheezing Anxiety Cough

  13. Hypersensitivity Disorders Asthma Treatment: Avoidance of causative allergens Desensitization Education Medication No cure But can be controlled

  14. Hypersensitivity Disorders Anaphylaxis Severe allergic response to allergen Causes: Antibiotics Anesthetics Codeine Insulin Vaccines Foods Pollens Latex

  15. Hypersensitivity Disorders Anaphylaxis May be mild to life-threatening Symptoms: Itching of throat, tongue, and scalp Edema of face and airways leading to difficulty breathing Treatment: Emergency tracheostomy Epinephrine Corticosteroids Antihistamines

  16. Hypersensitivity Disorders Food allergies E.g., chocolate, shellfish Symptoms: Cramping Diarrhea Vomiting

  17. Hypersensitivity Disorders Contact dermatitis Acute or chronic allergic skin reaction Causes: Cosmetics Laundry products Plants Jewelry Paint Drugs

  18. Autoimmune Disorders Rheumatic fever Follows group A strep infection Occurs 1 to 4 weeks after strep infection Sudden or gradual onset

  19. Autoimmune Disorders Rheumatoid arthritis Abnormal antibody that attacks or attaches to body’s own cells and tissues RF antibody in blood indicative of disease Classic sign: Ulnar deviation Affects fingers, wrists, elbows, feet, and knees most frequently

  20. Autoimmune Disorders Rheumatoid arthritis Symptoms: Fever Malaise Joint pain Prevention: Accurate diagnosis of strep infections Surgical joint replacement

  21. Autoimmune Disorders Rheumatoid arthritis Treatment: Anti-inflammatory medications Analgesics DMARDs Biological medications Exercise and rest routine Short-term corticosteroids

  22. Autoimmune Disorders Myasthenia gravis Slow onset Symptoms: Diplopia Ptosis Dysphagia Dysphonia Difficulty with facial expressions Fatigue

  23. Autoimmune Disorders Myasthenia gravis Periods of remission and exacerbation Treatment: Cholinergic medications Plasma exchange

  24. Autoimmune Disorders Lupus erythematosus Two types: Cutaneous Discoid Limited to skin Systemic Diffuse Affects multiple systems

  25. Autoimmune Disorders Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) Chronic with remissions and exacerbations Symptoms: Butterfly rash Joint pain Fever Weight loss

  26. Autoimmune Disorders Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) Symptomatic treatment: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) Antipyretics Analgesics Corticosteroids

  27. Autoimmune Disorders Scleroderma Hardening, thickening, and shrinking of connective tissues Including skin Periods of remission and exacerbation Symptoms: Joint contractures Raynaud’s phenomenon Thick, leather-like, shiny, taut skin

  28. Autoimmune Disorders Scleroderma Treatment: No cure or treatment May use antibiotics, immunosuppressives, and anti-inflammatories May be beneficial to perform muscle stretching and strengthening exercises

  29. Isoimmune Disorders Blood transfusion reaction Type O is the universal blood donor Type AB is the universal blood recipient Symptoms of transfusion reaction: Universal : Chills Shivering Fever

  30. Isoimmune Disorders Erythroblastosis fetalis Mother’s antibodies attack and destroy antigen on baby’s red blood cells (RBCs) Ultimately causing death Usually no problem with first baby of Rh-negative mother and Rh-positive baby

  31. Isoimmune Disorders Erythroblastosis fetalis Treatment: Transfusion of baby’s blood at birth RhoGAM Halted this condition Given prophylactically after delivery of first fetus Condition only affects Rh-positive babies carried by Rh-negative mothers Also known as hemolytic disease of the newborn

  32. Organ Rejection Human immune system attacks transplanted tissue More closely matched donor decreases chance of rejection Acute rejection occurs early Chronic rejection occurs over long period

  33. Immune Deficiency Disorders Inability of immune system to protect individual against disease Congenital, genetic disorder or acquired

  34. Immune Deficiency Disorders Acquired types may be due to: Bone marrow suppression from chemotherapy and radiation Medications given to organ transplant recipients Immunodeficiency E.g., acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

  35. Immune Deficiency Disorders AIDS Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Eradicates individual’s lymphocytes Virus must enter body and bloodstream Virus is very fragile and easily killed

  36. Immune Deficiency Disorders AIDS – Transmission of HIV Many misconceptions A person cannot get HIV from: Toilet seats Door knobs Furniture Water fountains Social kissing Coughing / sneezing Sharing utnesils Air – food – urine – feces – water

  37. Immune Deficiency Disorders AIDS primarily spread three ways: Sexual intercourse Sharing of hypodermic needles In utero from infected mother to unborn baby

  38. Immune Deficiency Disorders HIV Stages Acute Infection Clincal Latancy Early-Stage AIDS Middle-Stage AIDS Late-Stage AIDS

  39. Immune Deficiency Disorders Late-Stage AIDS T-cell count drops below 200 cells per microliter Treatment with ART Prevention – Avoid the HIV virus

  40. Rare Diseases Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) Group of inherited disorders that cause partial or complete dysfunction of immune system

  41. Effects of Aging Degenerated thymus gland Changed function of antibodies

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