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Doing Research in Sociology

Doing Research in Sociology. Chapter 2. Methodology. Methodology - The system of procedures that helps us develop knowledge. Descriptive Studies- Based on collected data. Explanatory Studies- Answers questions of how did this condition originate. Concept-

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Doing Research in Sociology

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  1. Doing Research in Sociology Chapter 2

  2. Methodology Methodology - The system of procedures that helps us develop knowledge.

  3. Descriptive Studies- Based on collected data. • Explanatory Studies- Answers questions of how did this condition originate.

  4. Concept- • ...is a term or symbol that represents the similarities in otherwise diverse phenomena. • Variable- • ...is a measurable dimension of a concept, or a measurable concept.

  5. Hypothesis- • ...is an empirically testable statement of relation between two or more variables. • Theory- • ...a comprehensive explanation of observed relationships between variables.

  6. Three Levels of Theories: • Local Theories - Are highly focused and deal with limited, immediately testable propositions. • Grand Theories - Theoretical orientations which attempt to explain all social life. • Middle-Range Theories - Broad enough to apply to a range of topics, but specific enough to provide guidelines for research.

  7. Goal of Science: To understand cause and effect relationships. • Independent Variable- The cause, explanatory variable. • Dependent Variable- The effect, the condition that the researcher wants to explain. • Operationally define the variable-(1)Degree (2)Category

  8. Correlation- a relationship between variables that occurs regularly. • Spurious Correlation- One that is merely coincidental and does not imply any causal relationship what-so-ever. • Multivariate Analysis- Involves more than two independent variables.

  9. Research Methods: • Quantitative Methods- are designed to study variables that can be measured in numbers. (Survey) • Qualitative Methods- used by those studying social interaction and when it is difficult to assign numbers. (Case Study) • Population- the total group of people to be studied. • Sample- a limited number of cases that represent the entire population.

  10. The Controlled Experiment • The Experimental Group- is the one in which the independent variable, -the variable whose effect is to be tested- is introduced. • The Control Group- is the one from which the independent variable is withheld.

  11. Comparative Analysis • Cross-national Research- research that compares two or more nations. • Longitudinal Research- follows the same people over a period of time. • Cross-sectional Research- used to study social change by looking at groups that are at different stages of development.

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