1 / 21

The Scientific Revolution (17 th Century)

The Scientific Revolution (17 th Century). Two Major Themes Celestial Dynamics and Terrestrial Mechanics Johannes Kepler Galileo Galilei The Mechanical Philosophy Rene Descartes William Harvey Isaac Newton. I. Two Major Themes. A. The universe is mathematically ordered.

hung
Download Presentation

The Scientific Revolution (17 th Century)

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. The Scientific Revolution (17th Century) • Two Major Themes • Celestial Dynamics and Terrestrial Mechanics • Johannes Kepler • Galileo Galilei • The Mechanical Philosophy • Rene Descartes • William Harvey • Isaac Newton

  2. I. Two Major Themes A. The universe is mathematically ordered 1. Nature in geometric terms 2. Description B. Mechanical philosophy 1. Nature is a machine 2. Explanation C. Different goals – often in conflict • solution: "Nature and Nature's Laws lay hid in Night God said, Let Newton be! and all was Light." Alexander Pope

  3. II, Celestial Dynamics and Terrestrial Mechanics The Revolution 1. De Revolutionibus OrbiumCoelestium(1543): 50 years later 2. The revolutionaries: Kepler and Galileo A. Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630) 1. Life 2. MysteriumCosmographicum(1596) a. Why did God chose 6 planets? b. Answer: 5 platonic solids

  4. A. Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630) 3. Tycho Brahe (1546 – 1601) a. Life b. Aristotle’s celestial spheres • crystalline • perfect, unchangeable • circular motion • quintessence = the aether c. Tycho’s observations • very precise (no telescopes) • evidence against celestial spheres • “new” star (supernova) 1572 • comet 1577 • beyond orbit of Mars • motion non-circular

  5. A. Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630) d. Tycho Brahe’s model of the universe 4. Kepler and the foundation of celestial mechanics a. No celestial spheres b. Celestial obey same laws as terrestrial c. Kepler focuses on Mars

  6. A. Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630) 5. Astronomia Nova (1609) • Kepler’s 3 laws of planetary motion 1. Law of orbits • The orbit of every planet is an ellipse with the sun at one • of the foci

  7. A. Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630) 2. Law of areas • A line joining a planet (or comet) and the Sun sweeps out equal areas in • equal intervals of time • movie of Kepler’s first two laws

  8. A. Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630) 3. Law of periods • The ratio of the squares of the revolutionary periods for • two planets is equal to the ratio of the cubes of their • semimajoraxes.

  9. A. Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630) 6. Sun has magnetic pull on planets (no animistic forces) 7. Results of Kepler’s model • simplicity • no circles/ epicycles/ equants • destroys Copernican system • it works! • problems: • no evidence • no stellar parallax

  10. B. Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642) 1. Life 2. The motion problem • Aristotle: every motion requires a mover • projectiles: medium moves it along • Middle ages: impetus theory • moving body acquires impetus • Galileo’s solution: inertia • body in motion moves with • uniform velocity forever • in a circle!

  11. B. Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642) 2. The motion problem • motion and the Earth’s rotation • ball dropped from a height • if Earth in motion, ball should drop to the west • observation: ball drops straight down • Galileo: all objects on Earth share its motion 3. Galileo versus Aristotle • A: cause of natural motion; cause of forced motion • G: no natural place; motion is just a state • object is indifferent to its place • rest and motion degrees of the same

  12. B. Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642) • Projectile motion • practical advantage: better war machines • Weights • Aristotle: objects with different weights fall at different • velocities • Galileo: objects with different weights fall at same • velocities (under ideal conditions)

  13. B. Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642) 4. Galileo’s astronomical observations • invention of telescope: Hans Lippershey (1608) • Galileo’s telescopes • 1609: Galileo looks at the heavens • observations • moon is not perfect; earthy • moons of Jupiter • sunspots

  14. B. Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642) • phases of Venus • Galileo claims observations prove Copernican system

  15. B. Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642) 5. Galileo’s “scientific” method • Galileo’s world of ideals • Galileo stuck in the past • the Universe created perfectly by perfect Creator • therefore, all motion must be circular

  16. B. Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642) 6. Galileo and the Church • the Reformation • Martin Luther (1483 – 1546) • 95 theses (1517) • the Counter- Reformation (1560) • the Inquisition

  17. B. Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642) 6. Galileo and the Church • Galileo’s social skills “The Bible teaches the way to go to heaven, not the way the heavens go.” • G: the Church should reinterpret the Bible • 1616: De Revolutionibus banned (“foolish and absurd … and • formally heretical”) • 1616: Galileo forbidden to hold, defend, or teach the • Copernican system

  18. B. Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642) 6. Galileo and the Church • Dialogue Concerning the Two World Systems (1629) • Ptolemaic versus Copernican (Brahe and Kepler ignored) • three men having a dialogue • Church gives official approval • problems 1. Biased towards Copernican system 2. Pope’s statements put in mouth of Simplicio • Result: Galileo summoned to Rome to face trial for heresy

  19. B. Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642) 6. Galileo and the Church • The Trial of Galileo (1633) • prosecution by the Inquisition • in opposition to Scripture • lack of evidence

  20. B. Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642) 6. Galileo and the Church • Sentence • Galileo made to renounce Copernican system • house arrest • Dialogue banned • Galileo pardoned • 1638: Galileo writes Discourses 7. The legacy of Galileo

More Related