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Water Quality of Ha Long Bay: A Social Study from Tourism Businesses’ Perspectives

This study examines the water quality of Ha Long Bay from the perspectives of tourism businesses, addressing issues such as water contamination and solid waste accumulation. The findings provide recommendations for interventions to improve water quality and protect the environment.

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Water Quality of Ha Long Bay: A Social Study from Tourism Businesses’ Perspectives

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  1. Situation Analysis on the Water Quality of Ha Long Bay A social study from tourism businesses ’ perspectives Le Tuan Anh PhD.

  2. Agenda • Overview of Ha Long Bay • Research Objectives • Methods • Findings • Recommendations • Questions & Answers

  3. Overview of Ha Long Bay • Dual role as a tourist destination and an industrial and shipping centre • Over development of tourism • Limited authority and decision making power ->water contamination, solid waste accumulation, and large-scale damage to both species and ecosystems. -> ‘Save the Bay program’

  4. Research Objectives • Relevance of program objectives • Situation analysis on water quality with focus on impacts from tourism • Public Private relationship and willingness • Recommendations for project interventions (2015-2017)

  5. Methods • Qualitative approach • Review of relevant projects, plans and reports • Interviews relevant stakeholders • Quantitative approach • Survey of 4 tourism supplier groups of 208 • 29 cruise managers • 114 captains • 49 accommodation managers, and • 16 restaurant managers

  6. Qualitative Findings • Improvement on environment quality (IUCN 2013) • 2013: 2.55 million tourists (35% domestic, 65% international) (HLBM report, 2014) • Revenue from entrance tickets of about US$10 millions • Environment quality is crucial factors (ERST, 2014) • Master plan in tourism to 2020 with vision 2030 • Master plan in environment -> Europe water quality standard by 2020 • Quarterly water quality monitoring • Local authority support to protect environment

  7. Qualitative Findings • Over carrying capacity e.g. 5,500/day at ThienCung and Dau Go (HLBM, 2009) • Increasing negative environmental impacts on coastal area and on the bay (JICA, 2013) • Tourist discharges about 0.5 kg of solid waste and 100 liters of wastewater per trip (JICA, 2013) • Boats increased 1.6 time from 329 (2006) to 527 (2014); 30% (167 overnight boats) • Tourism pressure as a major factor affecting the universal value of the site in addition to industrial development, population growth, aquaculture and fishing (IUCN, 2013)

  8. Qualitative Findings • Ha Long Bay rated lowest on the criteria of environmental friendly destination (M=4.4) and on overall evaluation (M=4.8) among 5 destinations (Sa Pa, Ha Long, Hue, Da Nang and Hoi An) (ESRT, 2014) • 17% of international and 15% of national showed their serious concern about the environment in the destinations of Ha Long • Of the total 2,373 reviews of Ha Long Bay as an attraction from Jan 01 to July 16, 2014, a total of 51 (2.15%) reviews classified the attraction as ‘terrible’ while 80 (3.37%) classified their experience as ‘poor’. (Tripadvisor 2014)

  9. Qualitative Findings • Sources of pollution mainly from coastal areas and buffer zone e.g. state- owned enterprises and socio-economic organizations • Low local awareness on environment protection • Ha Long waste treatment capacity does not meet the growth -> discharge in to the sea • Sewage discharge into the sea without treatment • No collection points and treatment of sewage and black water • Oil pollution at BaiChay harbor (0.23mg/l in 4/2013) (HLBM 2013)

  10. Quantitative findings • General information • Perception on water quality • Environmental impacts • Public private relationship

  11. General information • Expected guests in 2015 vs. 2014: Increase • Average guest night: cruise/hotel (1.36/1.34) • Average occupancy rate: cruise/hotel (66%/ 44%) • Main markets: Europe, NEA, SEA and Domestic

  12. Perception on water quality • Impression of the water quality over the past 5 years • Observation of current water quality • Describe the physical evidence • The most polluted areas (on map) • Main sources of pollutions • Influence of water quality on tourist experience • Responsibility on water quality protection • Involvement in environmental protection initiative

  13. Impression of the water quality over the past 5 years • Observation of current water quality

  14. Impression of the water quality over the past 5 years • Observation of current water quality

  15. Physial evidence

  16. Polluted areas

  17. Main sources of pollutions

  18. Main sources of pollutions

  19. Water quality and tourist experience

  20. Responsibility on water quality protection

  21. Involvement in environmental protection • Participate JICA project • Environment monitoring • Collect rubbish with tourists • For a green Ha Long • Installed oil separator • Awareness raising • Water saving in hotel • Waste collection at coastal swimming area • Etc… • N= 94

  22. Environmental Impacts(114 Cruise Boat Captains) • Average volume of solid waste produced per night • Measures use to reduce solid waste production • Average water consumption per night • Usage of water saving devices/ practices • Average oiled water production per night • Management of oily water • Installed oily water separator and its functioning • Average sewage production per day-only trip • Management of sewage • Management of grey water

  23. Solid waste production and reduction • Average volume of 11.3 kg of solid waste produced per night • Measures use to reduce solid waste production

  24. Water consumption and reduction • Average water consumption of 6.4 m3 per night • Usage of water saving devices/ practices

  25. Oiled water production and management • Average oiled water production of 1.05 m3per trip • 100% installed oily water separator (82%/18%) • Installed oily water separator and its functioning

  26. Sewage production and management • Average sewage production of 12.2 m3per day-only trip • Management of sewage

  27. Management of grey water

  28. Public Private Relationship (Cruise, Accommodations, Restaurant) • Current relationship • Willingness to engage in the Alliance • Factors hindering involvement in the Alliance • Contribution toward water quality improvement

  29. Current relationship • Together with enterprises (2014) • Monthly and quarterly Public Private Dialogues • Limited participation from tourism sector • Empowered tourism association

  30. Willingness to engage in the Alliance

  31. Possible hindering factors

  32. Contribution toward water quality improvement

  33. Suggestions • A Ha Long – Cat Ba Alliance as an advisory board for Ha Long/QuangNinh authority • Public awareness raising program through engagement of media • Environment protection fee/fund • Synergy/facilitation of joint activities • Pilot public-private initiatives/activities

  34. Thank you for your attentionQuestions & Answers

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