The Impact of Exploration and Trade on 18th-Century Societies

2. World became smaller as our experiences increased (Be able to explain this)

3. The World in 1750

4. Major Maritime and Gunpowder Empires in 1750 Led the world in terms of exploration of the seas. • Major maritime powers • Portugal • Spain • England • France • Netherlands • Major Gunpowder Empires • Ottoman Empire • Qing China • Mughal India • Russia • Safavid Empires in older civilization areas gained new strength from new technologies in weaponry. Basing their new power on "gunpowder," they still suffered from the old issues that had plagued land-based empires for centuries: defense of borders, communication within the empire, and maintenance of an army adequate to defend the large territory. By the end of the era, many were less powerful than the new sea-based kingdoms of Europe.

5. RUSSIAN EMPIRE NETHERLANDS ENGLAND FRANCE PORTUGAL SPAIN QING EMPIRE SAFAVID EMPIRE MUGHAL EMPIRE

6. Gunpowder Empires

7. Maritime Empires

8. Eastern Hemisphere trade routes European trade routes

9. Question: • What effects/impacts do you think exploration and trade had on the world?

10. EFFECTS: • Exploration and trade led to the acquisition of colonies in North and South America that led to major changes in labor systems. • After many Amerindians died from disease transmitted by contact with Europeans, a vigorous slave trade from Africa began and continued throughout most of the era. • Slave labor became very important all over the Americas.

11. The Atlantic System was formerly known as The Triangle Trade The Middle Passage saw the transportation of millions of slaves across the Atlantic • The Atlantic system involved the movements of goods, wealth, and free and unfree laborers and the mixing of African, American and European cultures and peoples. • England facilitated the trade because they produced both textiles and manufactured goods which were not available in either North America or Africa which kept the need for Europe in the network.  • The biggest section of the trade network was connected to Africa. This was to gain access to African slaves which were the most important product exchange between the three regions.

12. Columbian Exchange • European colonization of the Americas led to the transfer of foods and animals (for example: American potatoes & maize and African okra & rice) as well as the spread of diseases and the unintentional transfer of vermin, including mosquitos and rats. • Populations in Afro-Eurasia benefited nutritionally from the increased diversity of American food crops. • European colonization and the introduction of European agriculture and settlements practices in the Americas often affected the physical environment through deforestation and soil depletion.

13. Impact of new interaction • Religion: • Islam spread to Afro-Eurasia • Christianity spread around the world (40% of Catholics today live in Latin America) • Buddhism continued to spread to Southeast and East Asia • Money/Profits: • How are these empires spending their extra money? • Visual and performing arts • Renaissance in Europe • Protestant Reformation • Miniatures in Persia • New authors: Shakespeare • Kabuki in Japan

14. Explain how the World became smaller as our experiences increased

15. How were most societies organized in the 1700s? • Think back to the Gunpowder Empires and the Maritime Empires: • How do you think they were organized? • Who do you think held the power? Why? • How do you think they got that power? • Who do you think owned the land? • How do you think people gained their wealth? • What do you think their social structure looked like?

16. United States Social Structure

17. How were most societies organized in the 1700s? • Qing: p. 105, 106, 107 • Mughal: p. 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87 • Ottoman: p. 73, 74, 75, 76, 77 • Safavid: p. 78, 79, 80, 81 • Russian: p. 174, 175, 176, 177 • Spanish: p. 155, 157, 158 • French: p. 164, 165, 217, 218 • English: p. 180, 181, 182, 183 • Dutch: p. 159, 160

18. Organization of Empire Who held the power? How did the leaders gain power? What was the name for their rulers/leaders? Name of Empire: Draw their social structure Who owned the land? How did people gain their wealth?

19. Organization of Empire Who held the power? How did the leaders gain power? What was the name for their rulers/leaders? Overall, how were most societies organized in the 1700s? Draw an overall social structure Who owned the land? How did people gain their wealth?

20. Royal Family Political Birth (3-5%) Elite Military Owned land Religious Small middle class Farmers (90%) How were most societies organized in the 1700s?

21. The ruler was usually, but not always, a man who came from a dynasty, a family of rulers. Dynasties changed all the time, when kings were defeated and overthrown, but the winners would then set up a new dynasty under one leader. The tsar or sultan got his legitimacy from his birth into the royal family and the support of religious and political elites. Most emperors claimed that they had been chosen or blessed by divine power, and that they ruled on behalf of God to keep order and justice in the society. Besides the royal family, there were elite groups in that society who had political, military, or religious power, and owned wealth and land. These elite groups went by different names in each state or empire, such as nobles and scholar-officials, but they had privileges, that is, special rights that ordinary people did not have. Often elite status was based on birth. There weren’t many elites, either, as they were about three to five percent of the population. Below the elite groups, there was a small middle class. But the majority of people in the world worked as farmers and had very little wealth or material possessions, no education, and no political power. How were most societies organized in the 1700s?