FROM SOUTHWOLD SKIES TO THE UNIVERSE - a journey through space astronomy

1. FROM SOUTHWOLD SKIES TO THE UNIVERSE- a journey through space astronomy Michael Rowan-Robinson Southwold and Reydon Society

2. first detection of electromagnetic radiation outside the optical band:Herschel (1800) detectedinfrared radiation from the sun Atmospheric transmission Southwold and Reydon Society

3. Radio astronomy • 1933 Karl Jansky, detected Milky Way at radio wavelengths • 1940s Grote Reber, mapped the Milky Way • 1945, John Hey, discovered point sources • 1955-65 Cambridge, Parkes, surveyed the sky and catalogued extragalactic radio sources - radio-galaxies and quasars • 1967 discovery of pulsars Southwold and Reydon Society

4. X-ray astronomy from space • 1948 T.R.Burnight detects X-rays from sun using V2 • 1962 Giacconi detects X-ray binary Sco-X1 using Aerobee rocket • 1963 Boyer detects Crab Nebula in X-rays (rocket) • 1965 first extragalactic X-ray source (M87, Byram, rocket) • 1970 Uhuru X-ray satellite maps sky at 2-20 KeV many subsequent X-ray missions, through to Chandra and XMM, both launched in 1999 The Uhuru satellite before launch Southwold and Reydon Society

5. Uhuru detected X-rays from compact sources in binary systems (white dwarfs, neutron stars, black holes), from quasars (massive black holes) and from very hot gas in clusters of galaxies (100 million degree) Southwold and Reydon Society

6. Southwold and Reydon Society Kitt Peak, Arizona, 1974, my first observing run

7. JCMT 1987 Southwold and Reydon Society

8. first submillimetre survey of the sky, using JCMT. several very luminous galaxies found - galaxies in the midst of their main star and heavy element formation. Southwold and Reydon Society

9. IRAS 1983 saw the launch of IRAS, the Infrared Astronomical Satellite, which made the first all-sky survey at infrared wavelengths, from 10-100 microns Southwold and Reydon Society

10. The launch of IRAS Southwold and Reydon Society

11. IRAS - the infrared ‘cirrus’ emission from clouds of interstellar dust in our Galaxy south celestial pole Southwold and Reydon Society

12. IRAS - star forming regions constellation Orion LMC, the Large Magellanic Cloud Southwold and Reydon Society

13. Uultraluminous infrared galaxies IRAS discovered ultraluminous infrared galaxies, forming stars 100-1000 times faster than our Galaxy, probably caused by mergers between two galaxies this is an image of Arp 220 Southwold and Reydon Society

14. IRAS - dust debris disks IRAS also discovered dust debris disks around stars, confirmed by imaging with the Hubble Space Telescope, evidence for planetary systems in formation. Today over 300 exoplanets are known. Southwold and Reydon Society

15. IRAS the IRAS all-sky survey of infrared point-sources: white: star-forming regions, blue: red giant stars, green: galaxies Southwold and Reydon Society

16. the William Herschel Telescope on La Palma, used to follow up IRAS galaxies Southwold and Reydon Society

17. Mapping the Universe Southwold and Reydon Society

18. Large scale structure The 3-dimensional distribution of galaxies shows structure on different scales. This can be used to estimate the average density of the universe. In dimenionless units: Wo~ 0.27 Southwold and Reydon Society

19. How much matter is there in the universe ? The light elements D, He, Li are generated from nuclear reactions about 1 minute after the Big Bang. The abundances turn out to depend sensitively on the density of ordinary matter in the universe. density ~ 4.10-28 kg/cu m Wb ~ 0.04 Southwold and Reydon Society

20. Evidence for Dark Matter the speed at which stars orbit round a galaxy points to the existence of a halo of dark matter. sensitive surveys show that this can not be due to stars, or gas. Southwold and Reydon Society

21. Evidence for Dark Matter 2 images of clusters of galaxies with HST show arcs due to gravitational lensing. These can be used to weigh the cluster. Again, the cluster is dominated by dark matter. Abell 2218 Southwold and Reydon Society

22. Need for Dark Matter So there is far more matter (Wo~ 0.27 ) out there than can be accounted for by the stuff we are made of (Wb ~ 0.04). 85% of the matter in the universe is ‘dark’ matter (the neutralino ?) Particle Physicists hope to detect this at the Large Hadron Collider Southwold and Reydon Society

23. Audit of the mass-energy of the Universe: 4% ordinary matter 23% dark matter 73% dark energyDark en Southwold and Reydon Society

24. History of the universe Southwold and Reydon Society

25. SPITZER, 2003 Southwold and Reydon Society

26. IC1396, the Elephant’s Trunk • a dark globule inside an emission nebula • a pair of newly formed stars have created a cavity • the animation shows how the appearance changes from the optical, where dust absorbs light to the infrared where the dust radiates Southwold and Reydon Society

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28. infrared emission from debris along a comet orbit Southwold and Reydon Society

29. Sombrero galaxy- end-point of a galaxy merger Southwold and Reydon Society

30. Two interacting galaxies Southwold and Reydon Society

31. Visible and infrared images of the star-forming galaxy Messier 82 Southwold and Reydon Society

32. two new European Space Agency missions due for launch in April 2009 Planck Herschel Southwold and Reydon Society

33. Keck and VLT(Very Large Telescopes) Southwold and Reydon Society

34. how to detect z = 10 galaxies ? James Webb Space Telescope Southwold and Reydon Society