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WORLD WAR I

WORLD WAR I. Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism. causes. All great powers had large standing military Generals had detailed plans for mobilization Ex) Germany’s Schlieffen Plan. Militarism. General Alfred Graf von Schlieffen. Schlieffen Plan.

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WORLD WAR I

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  1. WORLD WAR I

  2. Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism causes

  3. All great powers had large standing military • Generals had detailed plans for mobilization • Ex) Germany’s Schlieffen Plan Militarism • General Alfred Graf von Schlieffen

  4. Schlieffen Plan • Quickly defeat France then sweep to the east to defeat Russia (difficulty mobilizing) • Go through neutral Belgium

  5. Triple EntenteTriple Alliance Great Britain Germany France Austria-Hungary Russia Italy alliances

  6. Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of A-H (June 28, 1914) Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina Gavrilo Princip – assassin Germany gave unconditional support – “blank check” TRIGGER FOR WWI

  7. A-H’s harsh ultimatum to Serbia (July 23, 1914) Serbia agreed to many, wanted to settle by international conference A-H rejected (July 28, 1914 declared war) TRIGGER FOR WWI

  8. Chain reaction (1914) • Austria war on Serbia • Russia moving army to A-H & German borders • Aug. 1 – German gov’t war on Russia • Aug. 3 – Germany war on France • Aug. 4 – Great Britain war on Germany WORLD WAR I

  9. Brings Great Britain into the war “Quickly defeat French then sweep to east to defeat Russia…” Had to move through neutral Belgium – brought England into war Aug. 4, 1914 Remember Schlieffen plan?

  10. By mid Aug. 1914 lines were drawn • Central Powers – • Germany & A-H • Bulgaria & Ottoman Empire (wanted land) • Allies – • Great Britain, France & Russia • Japan & Italy switched sides NATIONS TAKE SIDES

  11. 3 Theaters • Western Front – France – trench warfare • Eastern Front – Russia – 19th cent. warfare • Southern Front – Balkans - theaters

  12. Schlieffen Plan worked early but ultimately failed (French intelligence) • Sept. 6-10, Allies attacked NE of Paris (First Battle of Marne) • Sept. 13 – Germans were driven back 60 mi • 1 of most imp. Events of the war – defeat of Germans meant the Schlieffen Plan failed Western front

  13. By 1915 both sides dug miles of trenches • Space b/w sides “no man’s land” • New weapons did not mean faster war – only more efficient way to kill more ppl • Tanks, poison gas, larger artillery Trench warfare

  14. 1916 – Germans attack on French – lost 300,000+ ea. July 1916, English attacked Germans NW of Verdun - lost 500,000+ ea. Total land gained: 4 mi(Germans) & 5 mi (British) Trench warfare

  15. Russians defeated Austrians twice in Sept. 1914 • Dec. tide turned: Austrians w/ Germans drove Russians Eastward Eastern front • Along German & Russian border • During 1914, Germans crushed Russians (Battle • of Tannenberg)

  16. Russia not industrialized – lacked supplies & ports blocked • Asset for Russians: People • 1915: 2mill+ died, wounded, captured • STILL ABLE TO REBUILD • Able to force Germany into 2-Front war Eastern front

  17. Unrestricted submarine warfare • Germany attempted counter blockade • Sink any ships in water near Britain • Lusitania – British passenger ship sunk w/ 128 Americans • Zimmerman Note • Germany would help Mexico “re-conquer” lands • Keep U.S. distracted U.S. ENTERS 1917, Russia leaves

  18. KEEP THE WAR EFFORT GOING!!! • Centralization of power • Ex) Censorship • Economic regimentation • Ex) Rationing, production • Manipulation of public opinion (aka Propaganda) Governments wage total war

  19. 2nd Battle of the Marne • 30/40 mi outside Paris • 140,000 U.S. soldiers • Nov. 9, 1918, Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicates • Nov. 11, 1918: armistice German’s final offensive

  20. Woodrow Wilson • United States • Georges Clemenceau • France • David Lloyd George • Great Britain • Vittorio Orlando • Italy Treaty of Versailles

  21. 14 Points: outlines plans for achieving just & long-lasting peace • 14th point: “general association of nations” • G.B & France limited agreement • Concern for national security • Wanted to punish Germany Wilson’s plan for peace

  22. Germany punished • “War Guilt” Clause – Germany sole “guilt” & pay reparations • Restriction on German military • Lost territory • League of Nations – Germany & Russia excluded • New countries formed • Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary & Yugoslavia (Serbs, Croats & Slovenes) Treaty of VersaillesJune 28, 1919

  23. Boundaries pre-treaty

  24. Boundaries post-treaty

  25. COST • 8.5 million soldiers dead • 21 million wounded • $338 billion • Destroyed acres of farmland/cities • Lost Generation • Despair can be seen in artwork Legacy of wwi

  26. Ushered in 1929 depression • New nation-states created • European nations turned to dictatorships • Russia, Italy & Germany • Impact on Women • Replaced men in factories, changed dress, suffrage Legacy OF WWI

  27. “A Peace Built on Quicksand” • U.S. ultimately rejected it • Bitterness & hatred left in Germany • Ppl in colonies upset not independent • Italy/Japan upset – didn’t gain territory • Sets the stage for WWII IMPACT OF TREATY OF VERSAILLES

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