Sosyal Biliş patolojileri

1. Sosyal Biliş patolojileri

2. Otizmde sosyal biliş sorunları • Bakış izlemenin olmaması ya da zayıf olması • Yüze ve duyguya ait sosyal uyaranları işleyememe • Görsel dikkat, motor ve yönetsel işlev sorunları • Geribildirim yetersizliği, set değiştirme güçlüğü • Fizik temsilci ve gerçek nesne arasında ayırım yapamama

3. A lack of spontaneous seeking to share enjoyment, interests or achievements with other people… • Marked impairment in the use of multiple nonverbal behaviors such as eye-eye gaze, facial expressions… • Lack of social emotional reciprocity • Failure to develop age appropriate peer relations • Biological impairment of affective relatedness to others (Kanner, 1944)

4. Autism and Asperger’s • Autism is a disorder including dysfunction in a triad of areas • High functioning autism • Asperger’ syndrome

5. A non-social view of autism • Child’s social difficulties attributed to: • Failure to generalise • secondary to language disorders • secondary to a failure of semantics • Theory of mind (1985), Emotion (1986) • Empathy (2002)

6. ToM patolojileri Otizm • Early ToM: marked problems in shared attention, lack of following eye gaze and pointing, lack of pretend play, difficulty responding to emotions. • Late ToM: even in higher functioning children, a failure to pass “false belief tasks”. • How are these connected to the language problems that also characterize children with autism?

7. Social Ψ Lecture 18 Empathy deficits in autism? • Joint attention • Use of mental state terms in language • Production and comprehension of pretence • Understanding that “seeing-leads-to-knowing” • Distinguishing mental from physical entities • Understanding false belief • Understanding beliefs about beliefs • Understanding complex emotions • Showing concern at another’s pain

8. social impairment <50 ALOOF 50-60 PASSIVE- ALOOF repetitive behaviours 60-70 PASSIVE >70 ACTIVE BUT ODD Autism and its variable severity • Some have tried to combine intellectual and behavioural manifestations into sub-types - e.g. Beglinger and Smith (2001) • This suggests that IQ and autism are intricately connected IQ 4th Year : Theoretical and Applied Developmental Cognition : Lecture 3

9. Strange or odd, reflecting social impairment • Monotone voice, little to no facial expression • Upset by change, rituals for doing things in set ways; scripts for saying things; evolves into #4 • Obsessions w/ focus on collections of stuff or facts; memory or attention for detail superior • Clumsy, awkward

10. Otizm • No hallucinations • Onset in first three years • Socially emotionally very young • Very poor perspective taking if any; little empathy • Poor face & emotion recognition • Gullible • Very few strategies for problem solving, no flexibility

11. Otizm • Non-social or cognitive aspects equal impact • Repetitive behavior, rigidity, obsessions • Preoccupation with parts of objects or details • Impaired problem solving, inflexibility, rigidity • Impaired face and emotion recognition • Impaired attribute labeling, rule-learning, concept formation • Impaired common sense, function outside structure • Impaired adaptive behavior-use of information to function

12. They have an enhanced awareness of details • They have a reduced understanding of meaning & reduced capacity for conceptual reasoning in all areas • They can only handle small amounts of new information • They can only think so fast • They may use different cognitive skills to compensate • If the information or task is visual, they are able to understand more • The brain is wired differently to cause these differences.

13. Sosyal duygusal immaturite • Social deficit in autism characterized by gaze and theory of mind impairments, which have been extended to eyes & voice expression, face emotion, face recognition, gender • Capacity to experience and comprehend emotions at a basic and cognitive level under investigated and underconsidered in treatment despite frequent brain imaging studies of amygdala, an emotion structure of the brain • Many verbal ASD individuals socially-emotionally as young as 12-18 months to 4-5 years of age causing major problems in life. Failure to consider this in treatment worsens behavior and function.

14. Intact or Enhanced Abilities & Deficits • Intact or Enhanced • Attention • Elementary Sensory • Elementary Motor • Simple Memory • Formal Language • Rule-learning • Visuospatial processing • Cognitive Weaknesses • Complex Sensory* • Complex Motor • Complex Memory • Complex Language • Concept-formation • Face recognition

15. Brain activation during sentence comprehension in autismIn Brain, 2004 • Autism group has less activation in Broca’s area • (a sentence integration area) • than the control group and more in Wernicke’s area • (a word processing area) • Results are consistent with poorer comprehension of complex sentences, coupled with good word reading (spelling bee champs)

16. Reliably lower functional connectivity for autistic participants between pairs of key areas during sentence comprehension (red end of scale denotes lower connectivity)

17. Longitudinal Study of Autistic Children(Tager-Flusberg & Josephs, 2005) • Although most autistic children show extremely deficient understanding of mental states, especially of cognitions, some high functioning autistic adolescents do manage to pass standard tests of false belief reasoning. • Longitudinal study of such children show that comprehension of false complement clauses with verbs of communication is the strongest predictor of their mastery of false belief reasoning (even when controlling for age and IQ). • Acquisition of false complement clauses with say and tell may allow them to bootstrap their reasoning about false beliefs, even when they continue to have pervasive problems in reading complex emotions, desires, etc. • Tager-Flusberg & Josephs suggest that the children use explicit language about the tasks as a means of reasoning.

18. Asberger SendromuYüksek İşlevsellikli Otizm • Pursuit of knowledge and truth. • Alternative priorities and perception. • Talents and vulnerabilities • Motor sarsaklık • Encyclopedic memory. • Solitary and idiosyncratic imaginative play. • Preference for routines. • Limited flexibility in thinking. • Originality in problem solving.

19. Achieving success in the intellectual world. • Topics on conversation (confidence, fluency and knowledge). • The interest can be valued by peers. • A successful career. • Theory of Weak Central Coherence. (The pattern or gestalt). • Taxonomies such as the different types of insects or the Periodic Table to be able to achieve coherence and predictability

20. May be oblivious to the feelings and concerns of others regarding the interest. • Natural understanding of the physical rather than the social world • Typical and idiosyncratic. • Self-directed and self-taught. • Solitary and intuitive activity. • Development of a cataloguing system. • Creative arts, drawing, sculpture, music and poetry. • Attention to detail and prodigious memory.

21. Konuşma • Overly formal and pretentious. • Excessive technical details. • ‘Adult’ quality, sophisticated grammar or phrases. • Must correct errors. • Precise intonation.

22. Asberger Sendromu • Reciprocity (the balance between participants) • Inclusion (“My Way”) • End product • Spontaneity and humour • Maturity in friendship skills. • Limited vocabulary for characterization. • Limited response to peer pressure. • Conspicuous preference for solitude. • Unaware of the codes of social conduct.

23. Level of maturity in deceit. (fantasies not lies or psychosis). • Busy but not playing with anyone. • See a room full of toys to play with not friends to play with. • Limited ability with team skills. • Limited range of facial expression and body language. • Difficulty reading the facial expressions and body language of others.(11, Corey). • Limited ability to conceptualize the thoughts and feelings of others. • Empathy. (mother: characterization and being sad.).

24. Limited range of facial expression and body language. • Difficulty reading the facial expressions and body language of others.(11, Corey). • Limited ability to conceptualize the thoughts and feelings of others. • Empathy. (mother: characterization and being sad.). • Level of maturity in deceit. (fantasies not lies or psychosis). • Busy but not playing with anyone. • See a room full of toys to play with not friends to play with. • Limited ability with team skills

25. Psikotik belirtiler • Paranoia ( Reality and impaired Theory of mind). • Fantasy life (Alternative world and to escape from reality). • Vocalizing thoughts ( Disengaging mind from mouth). • Delusional thinking ( severe anxiety). • Delusions of grandeur (God mode). • Thought Disorder (Pragmatic aspects of language). • Mood congruent delusions. • Inner voice. • Literal interpretation.(Do you hear voices?

26. Ludwig Wittgenstein. • Albert Einstein. • Bela Bartok. • Alan Turing. • Bill Gates. • Thomas Jefferson. • Howard Hughes. • Napoleon

27. Fragile X Syndrome

28. Kalıtsal mental gerilik • characterized by various symptoms, including specific physical features, behavior patterns, speech, language, and cognitive deficits

29. Absence of FMRp: • causes dendrites to mature abnormally, which results in abnormally long, thin and tortuous dendrites

30. Differences in neuron communication between a “normal” and Fragile X ravaged brain

31. Males: Cognitive strengths • single-word vocabulary • Visual matching • Memorization of subjects of interest • TV shows, songs, general mimicking

32. Males: Cognitive Weaknesses • cause and effect questions • higher-level thinking • visual-motor • concepts of quantity • Speech and language delays

33. Females: Cognitive strengths • Vocabulary and comprehension on IQ tests • Reading, spelling, and writing • Short-term memory for visual, meaningful material

34. Female Cognitive weaknesses • Quantitative functioning (mathematics, etc.) • “executive” functions • Planning • Problem solving • Self-monitoring • Abstract thinking • Conversational processing

35. When social communication fails • Antisocial behaviour • Conduct disorder • Autism • Schizophrenia • Psychopathy

36. The article suggests a link between deficits in Context Processing deficits in Social Cognition and In schizophrenic patients Green, et. al. believe that: • These deficits represent a disturbance in information processing. · Understanding them may help us understand social cognition difficulties in schizophrenics.

37. Specific Context Processing Deficits in Schizophrenics: • perceptual organization • lexical disambiguation. • sustained attention. • selective attention. • latent inhibition.

38. Specific Social Cognition Deficits in Schizophrenics schizophrenics have difficulty • engaging in social relationships. • caring for themselves. • maintaining employment. • participating in recreational/social activities.

39. Schizophrenic Memory Impairment Schizophrenics experience a diminished ability to recall and utilize stored memory. DR Hemsley - a schizophrenics' rapid and automatic access to stored memory is impaired. - delusions and hallucinations are caused when "intruding" sensory experiences "collide" with long-term memories that appear unexpectedly. JA Gray - deficient use of learned heuristics caused by irregulated interaction between hippocampus and nucleus accumbens/mesolimbic system.

40. Poor Mental State Inference Schizophrenia patients have trouble inferring the mental states of others based on facial and prosodic (vocal) cues. Facial Perception - a type of object processing; the integration of facial features into a global gestalt. Can be measured by visual scanpaths.

41. Facial Perception • Deficits in facial perception can cause schizophrenics to: • fail to identify familiar faces (friends, family, etc.) • misidentify emotional states in others and thus, predict appropriate behavior. • experience the Capgras delusion (delusioin that familiar individuals have been replaced by an identical imposter). • Note: misperceptions only occur when viewing faces • straight-on; not when viewing profiles…

42. Visual Scanpaths • A pattern of eye movements focusing on primary facial features (eyes, nose and mouth). • In healthy individuals: distinct, rapid, triangular patterns which tend to linger/focus briefly upon major facial features. • In schizophrenics: haphazard patterns where facial features are given equal weight to featureless areas of the face. Schizophrenia patients also have longer fixation durations, commonly called “staring behavior.”

43. Visual Scanpath

44. Deficits in ToM have long been linked to Schizophrenia patients and undoubtedly contribute to poor social functioning. Schizophrenic patients tend to disregard contextual information in the illustrations and misinterpret character mental states, behavior and intentions.

45. Facial Expression Judgement Ekman Series Tests demonstrate that facial information takes precedence over contextually-derived information in schizophrenic patients. Schizophrenic patients incorrectly attribute emotion to neutral facial expressions. Schizophrenic patients easily identify “basic” emotional facial expressions (anger, fear, etc.) But have difficulty identifying non-basic emotional states (hope, determination, confusion, etc.)

46. Example stimuli for testing social contextual effects on mental state perception. Despite the presence of the hand on the woman’s shoulder in the 2nd illustration, most schizophrenics would identify her emotional state with a base emotion (anger, fear, etc.) rather than a higher emotion (surprise, for example). The visual contextual information a healthy individual uses to correctly deduce higher emotional states is typically generally ignored by schizophrenic patients.

48. Social Ψ Lecture 18 Social cognition and depression Kyte & Goodyer (in press) • Social cognition involves decision making and emotion, both of which are affected in depression • Depression also affects the patients self cognition and their interactions in the social world (e.g. relationships, careers) • PET studies have demonstrated changes to blood flow in areas associated with the “social brain” • Changes in orbitofrontal cortex persist after the depressive symptoms have lifted, implying these are neuropathological changes • Executive function, decision making, social coping