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Life on other planets

Life on other planets. Supposed ‘ Alien life’ on m eteorite by Richard B. Hoover. Are we alone in the universe ? S ome men were convinced to have discovered outerspaced life, but were debunked . - David McKay of NASA's Johnson Space Center in August 1996

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Life on other planets

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  1. Life on otherplanets Supposed ‘Alien life’ on meteorite by Richard B. Hoover Are wealone in the universe ? Some men wereconvinced to have discoveredouterspaced life, but weredebunked. - David McKay of NASA's Johnson Space Center in August 1996 - NASA scientist Richard B. Hoover in March 2011

  2. Plan • Determination and study of Earth-likeplanets: • Specializedobservatorieslike Kepler • Most acknowledgedtheory about the beginning of life on Earth : The RNA World • Environmentalconditions or biologiccompomentsrequiered for the emergence and development of life • Planetswhich are directlystudied: • SETI Project • Mars withCuriosity • Satellite of Jupiter : Europa

  3. Specialisedobservatory : Kepler Waslaunched on march 2009 Searchsfor earth-likeplanets 2011 2363 candidates in December About 1.4 to 2.7 percent expected to have earthlike planets 2 billions in Milky Way galaxy Kepler spaceobservatory

  4. Specialisedobservatory : Kepler Waslaunched on march 2009 Searchsfor earth-likeplanets 2011 2363 candidates in December About 1.4 to 2.7 percent expected to have earthlike planets 2 billions in Milky Way galaxy Kepler spaceobservatory

  5. A transit method • Observes when mini eclipseappears • Occurswhen a planet passes in front of its star • Just detectesthe dimming of the light from the star How to findEarth-likeplanets

  6. A transit method • Observes when mini eclipseappears • Occurswhen a planet passes in front of its star • Just detectesthe dimming of the light from the star How to findEarth-likeplanets

  7. Abiogenesis How biological life could arise from inorganic matters on Earth ? • Extraterrestrial origins ? • Spontaneous generation ?

  8. Abiogenesis How biological life could arise from inorganic matters on Earth ? • Extraterrestrial origins ? • Spontaneous generation ?

  9. One model : RNA world hypothesis Store information and catalyze chemical reactions Expression and maintenance Self-replication

  10. One model : RNA world hypothesis Store information and catalyze chemical reactions Expression and maintenance Self-replication

  11. Prebioticsoup • Chemically reduced atmosphere. • Simple organic compounds called monomers • Accumulation in a "soup” • More complex organic have emerged : Polymers

  12. Prebioticsoup • Chemically reduced atmosphere. • Simple organic compounds called monomers • Accumulation in a "soup” • More complex organic have emerged : Polymers

  13. Miller–Urey experiment Simulationof the conditions on the early Earth. Organic compounds from inorganic precursors !

  14. Miller–Urey experiment Simulationof the conditions on the early Earth. Organic compounds from inorganic precursors !

  15. Environment • Distance of a star : • Temperature • Light • Radiation • The mass of the planet and of the star • Star too massive • Not massive enough • Planet too massive • Not massive enough

  16. Environment • Distance of a star : • Temperature • Light • Radiation • The mass of the planet and of the star • Star too massive • Not massive enough • Planet too massive • Not massive enough

  17. Water / Ammoniac • Water is indispensable for life on Earth • H2O is polar • Ability to create hydrogen bonds • Water is very significant to search • Water replaced by Ammoniac : • Properties very similar to Water • Able to dissolve a lot of elemental metals • But liquid state only in a range of 45°

  18. Water / Ammoniac • Water is indispensable for life on Earth • H2O is polar • Ability to create hydrogen bonds • Water is very significant to search • Water replaced by Ammoniac : • Properties very similar to Water • Able to dissolve a lot of elemental metals • But liquid state only in a range of 45°

  19. Carbon / Silicon • Built upon carbon • Possibility of life build with Silicon • Silicon is tetravalent • But carbon is more common than Silicon

  20. Carbon / Silicon • Built upon carbon • Possibility of life build with Silicon • Silicon is tetravalent • But carbon is more common than Silicon

  21. «Habitable zone » • Able to maintain liquid water • Luminosity of Stars and Sun : • First planet in the habitable zone, Kepler 22b • Temperature : - 11, 22 or 460°C • Far away of Earth : 600 light years

  22. «Habitable zone » • Able to maintain liquid water • Luminosity of Stars and Sun : • First planet in the habitable zone, Kepler 22b • Temperature : - 11, 22 or 460°C • Far away of Earth : 600 light years

  23. SETI Project : Search forExtraterrestrial Intelligence Beginsin 1960 : Search for extraterrestrialsignal Coversthe 1420 Spectrum : Wave of neutralhydrogen Mass phenomenon: Anybodycancontribute to thisprojectwithSeti@home Allen TelescopeArray: 350 antennasbuiltnearSan Francisco

  24. SETI Project : Search forExtraterrestrial Intelligence Beginsin 1960 : Search for extraterrestrialsignal Coversthe 1420 Spectrum : Wave of neutralhydrogen Mass phenomenon: Anybodycancontribute to thisprojectwithSeti@home Allen TelescopeArray: 350 antennasbuiltnearSan Francisco

  25. In space : Europa Jupiter and thisGalileanmoons : Callisto, Europa, Io,Ganymede The smallest of the four Galilean moons of Jupiter Studied between 1995 and 2003 with the spacecraft Galileo.

  26. In space : Europa Jupiter and thisGalileanmoons : Callisto, Europa, Io,Ganymede The smallest of the four Galilean moons of Jupiter Studied between 1995 and 2003 with the spacecraft Galileo.

  27. Life … inside Europa ? • Surface is composed of iced water • Possibility of water beneath the frozen ice crust. • Crack in the icy shell • Hypothesis • Life in the crack ? 2 differenttheories

  28. Life … inside Europa ? • Surface is composed of iced water • Possibility of water beneath the frozen ice crust. • Crack in the icy shell • Hypothesis • Life in the crack ? 2 differenttheories

  29. Futur missions • To be sure that life exists , one solution : to go on Europa • The next project : Launch a rover. Objective : • - To go through ice slice • - To explore ocean • Use of robots like DepthXprototype • DepthX : Autonomousunderwatervehicle • Launch date : around 2026.

  30. Futur missions • To be sure that life exists , one solution : to go on Europa • The next project : Launch a rover. Objective : • - To go through ice slice • - To explore ocean • Use of robots like DepthXprototype • DepthX : Autonomousunderwatervehicle • Launch date : around 2026.

  31. Life on Mars ? • Exploration for a long time : • Lot of spacecrafts, satellites • Little chance to find out life. • Some theories : • Existed before • Never existed • Spread from Space

  32. Life on Mars ? • Exploration for a long time : • Lot of spacecrafts, satellites • Little chance to find out life. • Some theories : • Existed before • Never existed • Spread from Space

  33. Curiosity rover Launch Date : 26 November 2011 Mars landing : 5 August 2012 • Objective : find if Mars was habitable in the past • Mission : Biological, geological and geochemical planetary process and surface radiation determination

  34. Curiosity rover Launch Date : 26 November 2011 Mars landing : 5 August 2012 • Objective : find if Mars was habitable in the past • Mission : Biological, geological and geochemical planetary process and surface radiation determination

  35. Recent discoveries • A rapid and deep river once ran across the surface of Mars which is now very dry • Martian Rock with strange properties •  Similar to a rock find on Earth

  36. Recent discoveries • A rapid and deep river once ran across the surface of Mars which is now very dry • Martian Rock with strange properties •  Similar to a rock find on Earth

  37. Conclusion • Differentwaysused • Hugeprogress have been made • But any traces of life detected for the moment

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