Chapter 2 Objectives

2. Chapter 2 Objectives • Explain why differences in perception occur • Describe the process of perception • Identify perceptual errors • Understand how your view of yourself is related to communication

3. Chapter 2 Objectives • Differentiate self-fulfilling prophecies, self-image, and self-esteem • Explain how you can improve your self-concept • Define identity management and explain its component parts

4. What is Perception ? The process of becoming aware of objects and events from the senses

5. What is Perception? • Active perception • Our minds select, organize, and interpret what we sense • Subjective perception • Our minds construct unique meanings to sensed stimuli

6. Differences in Perception • Physiological factors • Past experiences and roles • Culture and co-culture • Present feelings and circumstances

7. What Occurs in Perception? • Three distinct activities • Selection • Organization • Interpretation • Occur quickly and almost simultaneously

8. Link to Perception Activities on the Web Selection • Neglect some stimuli and focus on others • Selective exposure • Selective attention • Selection perception • Selective retention

9. Organization • Group stimuli into meaningful units or wholes • Figure & ground

10. Organization • Group stimuli into meaningful units or wholes • Figure & ground • Closure

11. Organization • Group stimuli into meaningful units or wholes • Figure & ground • Closure • Proximity

12. Organization • Group stimuli into meaningful units or wholes • Figure & ground • Closure • Proximity • Similarity

13. Interpretation • Assign meaning to the stimuli • Blend of internal states and external stimuli

14. Interpretation • Assign meaning to the stimuli • Blend of internal states and external stimuli • Often rely on context for cues 3 2 I-I 2 3 G I-I I

15. How Do We Perceive Others? • Attribution • Assigning meaning to the behavior of others • Can lead to perceptual errors • Attribution errors • Perceptual errors

16. Attribution Errors • Fundamental attribution error • Attribute successes of others to the situation and failures of others to the individual • Self-serving bias • Our successes are due to our personal qualities and our failures are due to circumstances

17. Perceptual Errors • Stereotyping • Oversimplified or standardized image of a person based on his or her group membership • First Impressions • Initial opinion about another person

18. Avoiding Errors • Recognize the subjective nature of perception • Use perceptual checking • Describe what you observed • Suggest alternative interpretations • Ask for the “correct” interpretation

19. Who Are You? • What do you know about yourself? • Self-perception • Personal identity • Who you are develops through • Intrapersonal communication • Symbolic interactionism • Self-fulfilling prophecy

20. Learning More About Yourself • Understand your physical self • Understand how others perceive you • Understand your communication skills and behaviors

21. What’s Your Future Potential? • Self-actualization • The fulfillment of one’s potential as a person

22. How Do You Evaluate Yourself? • Self-Appraisal/Self-Concept has two parts • Self-Image • Self-Esteem

23. Self-Image • The picture you have of yourself • Based on feedback from others • Confirmation • Rejection • Disconfirmation

24. Self-Esteem • How you feel about yourself • Based on your perceptions of your successes and failures • Affects perception and communication

25. Improving Self-Concept • Have a goal or objective • Make your goal realistic • Find information about how to achieve your goal • Exercise control and restraint • Gain support of friends and family • Accept yourself

26. How Do We Present Ourselves? • Self-presentation • The way we portray ourselves to others

27. How Do We Present Ourselves? • Identity Management • Control (or lack of control) of the communication of information through a performance • High and low self-monitors • Face, facework, politeness