« Inventoholics : Curiosity DIDN’T kill the cat! »

1. «Inventoholics: Curiosity DIDN’T kill the cat!» The Russian Embassy School in France, Paris

2. Hello, I’m glad to meet you in the world of inventions. What are you doing here? Hi, Wall-e! It’s so nice to see you here! We’re making a research into English and American inventions. Oh, great! Can you tell me about it? Maybe I can help you.

3. The subject of our research is English and American inventions. Our aim is to investigate these inventions. We have the following objectives: -pick out the inventions used in everyday life; -find out the general information about them; -analyze and classify them To achieve this we’ve used the methods ofanalysis, generalization and data systematization.

4. As you can see, this field turned out to be quite unknown to us. But you can’t study the language without knowing such important information, can you? Especially in the world of technological progress. You know, we’ve conducted a survey among the students of our school asking what English and American inventions they know. Here are the results: Moreover, we compiled all the information in a book (download) and worked out different tasks for each invention and illustrated them by ourselves. So it can be used by teachers or students or anybody who’d like to broaden their horizon.

5. In the end, we came to the following conclusion: there are many simple things in our everyday life with very exciting history of their invention. All the English and American inventions can be divided into two categories: ACCIDENTAL INVENTIONS INVENTIONS MADE BY ONE PERSON BUT PATENTED BY ANOTHER HOT DOG CHIPS MILK CHOCOLATE POPSICLE WAFFLE CONE CAESAR SALAD TEA BAGS CHOCOLATE CHIP COOKIE MICROWAVE UPSIDE-DOWN BOTTLE OF KETCHUP POST-IT NOTES SUPER GLUE SUPERMARKET TROLLEY BLUE JEANS COCA-COLA CHEWING GUM COAT HANGER ZIPPER FLUSH TOILET End the trip

6. HOT DOG In its home country of Germany, the hot dog was called the frankfurter. It was named after Frankfurt, a German city. Franfurters were first sold in the United States in the 1860s. Americans called frankfurters “dachshund sausages”. A dachshund is a dog from Germany with a very long body and short legs. “Duchshund sausages” seemed like a good name for the frankfurter. Dachshund sausages first became popular in New York, especially at baseball games. At games they were sold by men who kept them warm in hot-water tanks. As the men walked up and down the rows of people, the yelled, “Get your duchshund sausages! Get your hot duchshund sausages!” People got the sausages on buns, a special kind of bread. One day in 1906 a newspaper cartoonist named Tad Dorgan went to a baseball game. When he saw the men with the dachshund sausages, he got an idea for a cartoon. The next day at the newspaper office he drew a bun with a dachshund inside – not a dachshund sausage! Dorgan didn’t know how to spell dachshund. Under the carton he wrote “Get your hot dogs!” The carton was a sensation, and so was the new name. Would you like to get a task? Click here Back to the lab

7. CHIPS As the story goes, the creator of potato chips is considered to be George Crum, chef of the restaurant in Saratoga, state of New York. In 1853 a legendary American railway millionaire Vanderbilt Cornelius used to order fried potatoes, but he always refused to eat the dish because it was cut into large slices and poorly roasted. So Crum got so irritated that he decided to take a revenge. One day after getting a refusal from the naughty client again, the chef hurried to the kitchen where he sliced potatoes very thinly and fried it on a large fire in a huge amount of oil to a beautiful golden crust and then seasoned with lots of salt. At first, Vanderbilt Cornelius said ‘the last attempt’ was too thin to eat it with a fork. But after trying a few chips he was delighted with this dish. All other customers also wanted to try the dish. As a result “Saratoga chips” appeared on the menu of the restaurant. Cornelius introduced the recipe of the chips in the circles of high American society and in the menu of expensive restaurants in America. And soon chips were sold all over the world. Task Read the statements and answer True or False. 1.George Crum was a waiter in the restaurant. 2.Vanderbilt Cornelius had never ordered fried potatoes before. 3.Crum cooked the potatoes for Cornelius by himself. 4.Crum was very pleased to serve Cornelius again. 5.Crum’s new dish of potatoes was very salty. 6.Cornelius liked the chips at first. 7.Thanks to Cornelius high American society knew about Saratoga chips. Back to the lab

8. MILK CHOCOLATE We all know the history of chocolate. But how did we get our beloved milk chocolate? It happened thanks to a botanist and a physician Hans Sloane. It would be his time spent in Jamaica that would bring about the revolutionary discovery of milk chocolate. Sloane discovered that native Jamaicans were consuming a cold mixture of chocolate and water. But, upon trying the beverage, Sloane was less than pleased by its bitter taste. He found it really nauseating. Instead of drinking the chocolate with water, he decided to use milk as a substitute for water and warm it up before drinking. He found it tasted much, much better. Sloane believed not only that the beverage tasted good but it was healthy. His position of physician allowed him to be able to bring the drink mixture back to Europe and introduce it to the continent. His mixture ended up in the chemist’s stores and his promotion of the beverage led to widespread demand. Milk chocolate was consumed as a beverage until 1827 when a Dutch chemist and chocolate maker Conrad Johannes van Houten made it solid. • Task • Finish the following sentences in the right way. • 1.Sloane discovered that _________________. • 2.He found the beverage really_______________. • 3.Instead of drinking the chocolate with water, he_____________. • 4.Sloanne believed that_______________. • 5.Sloanne’s promotion of the beverage led___________. Back to the lab

9. POPSICLE In 1905 Frank Epperson, a then eleven-year-old, invented the Popsicle and the invention was accidental. One day Frank mixed some soda water powder and water, which was a popular drink in those days.  He left the mixture on the back porch overnight with the stirring stick still in it. The temperature dropped to a record low that night and the next day Frank had a stick of frozen soda water to show his friends at school. Eighteen years later-in 1923- Frank Epperson remembered his frozen soda water mixture and began a business producing Epsicles in seven fruit flavors. Epperson debuted his "Epsicle" at an Alameda, California, park. His children, who called the creation Pop's 'sicle, persuade him to change the name. The name was later changed to the Popsicle.  He realized the commercial possibilities of his invention and applied for a patent, which was granted in 1924. Two years later, Epperson partnered with the Joe Lowe Company of New York, which distributed the treats around the country. By 1928, Epperson had earned royalties on more than 60 million Popsicle ice pops. • Task • Read the statements and answer True or False. • 1.Frank Epperson was 12 when he invented the Popsicle. • 2.The mixture of soda water powder and water was a popular drink in those days. • 3.Frank left the mixture in the fridge. • 4.Frank began a business when he was 29 years old. • 5.Frank’s neighbours persuaded him to change the name of his invention. Back to the lab

10. WAFFLE CONE Ice-cream used to be served on saucers. But everything changed in 1904 after the World Fair which took place in Saint-Louis, Missouri. At that moment two products which didn’t seem connected with each other became intertwined forever. It was so hot and stuffy at the Fair that the stall selling the ice-cream ran out of all saucers. In the stall nearby thin waffles from Persia were sold but they were far from being a success. So the seller started to sell the waffles rolled in the shape of a cone so that the customers from the nearby stall could put the ice-cream on the top. Thus an ice-cream in a waffle cone was born and it immediately became a success! • Task • Find the word in the text for which the following definitions are given. • 1.A _________ is a type of small dishware, usually used for putting a cup or a teaspoon on it. • 2.When something is united it means that it is ________________ . • 3.When it is so hot that you find it hard to breathe, you can say it’s _________. • 4.This is a small place which looks like a tent where sellers in the market sell their goods. • 5.A person who comes to a shop or a market to buy something is a____________ . Back to the lab

11. CEASAR SALAD The salad's creation was really accidental and is attributed to restaurateur Caesar Cardini, an Italian immigrant who operated restaurants in the United States. It happened on July 4th,1924 when all the USA were celebrating the Independence Day. So many customers came to the Caesar’s restaurant that they ate all the food which was on offer. Quick-minded Caesar had nothing to do but mix all the supplies he had in the kitchen- cheese, eggs, lettuce leaves, garlic and even bread – and serve this improvised dish. The customers liked it so much that it was introduced to the menu. Would you like to get a task? Click here Back to the lab

12. TEA BAGS It was in America, with its love of labour-saving devices, that tea bags were first developed. In around 1908, Thomas Sullivan, a New York tea merchant, started to send samples of tea to his customers in small silken bags just to make the delivery more convenient. Some assumed that these were supposed to be used in the same way as the metal infusers, by putting the entire bag into the pot, rather than emptying out the contents. It was by accident that the tea bag was born! Task Read the sentences and correct the mistakes. 1.Tea bags were first developed in 1980. 2.Thomas Sullivan was a New York ticket merchant. 3.Thomas Sullivan sent samples of tea in big silken bags. 4.Thomas Sullivan wanted to make the delivery cheaper. 5.Customers thought they had to put tea bags into the cup. Back to the lab

13. CHOCOLATE CHIP COOKIE The chocolate chip cookie was invented by the American chef Ruth Graves Wakefield in 1938. She invented the recipe during the period when she owned the Toll House Inn, in Whitman, Massachusetts. In this era, the Toll House Inn was a popular restaurant that featured home cooking. It is often reported that she accidentally developed the cookie as she expected the chocolate chunks to melt, making chocolate cookies. She failed to achieve this but succeeded in creating a new cookie. Ruth gave the rights for this invention to NESTLE for the obligation to supply her with chocolate lifelong. • Task • Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. • 1.The chocolate chip cookie _____________(to invent) by Ruth Wakefield. • 2.She ___________ (to own) the Toll House Inn, in Massachusetts. • 3.She expected the chocolate chunks ___________(to melt). • 4.Ruth succeeded in __________(to create) a new cookie. • 5.Ruth ____________(to give) the rights for this invention to the company NESTLE. Back to the lab

14. MICROWAVE The microwave oven did not come about as a result of someone trying to find a better, faster way to cook. During World War II, two scientists invented the magnetron, a tube that produces microwaves. Installing magnetrons in Britain’s radar system, the microwaves were able to spot Nazi warplanes on their way to bomb the British Isles. By accident, several years later, it was discovered that microwaves also cook food. The idea of using microwave energy to cook food was accidentally discovered by Percy LeBaron Spencer of the Raytheon Company when he found that radar waves had melted a candy bar in his pocket. Experiments showed that microwave heating could raise the internal temperature of many foods far more rapidly than a conventional oven. The first Raytheon commercial microwave oven was the 1161 Radarange, which was marketed in 1954. Rated at 1600 watts, it was so large and expensive that it was practical only for restaurant and institutional use. In 1967, Amana, a division of Raytheon, introduced its domestic Radarange microwave oven, marking the beginning of the use of microwave ovens in home kitchens. Although sales were slow during the first few years, partially due to the oven’s relatively expensive price tag, the concept of quick microwave cooking had arrived. In succeeding years, Litton and a number of other companies joined the countertop microwave oven market. By the end of 1971, the price of countertop units began to decrease and their capabilities were expanded. • Task • Write full answers to the following questions. • 1.How did the idea to use a microwave for cooking appear? • 2.What was the first microwave? • 3.When and why did microwaves become popular? Back to the lab

15. Back to the lab UPSIDE-DOWN BOTTLE OF KETCHUP You've probably never heard of PaulBrown, but we guarantee his life has impacted you at some point this week. Maybe even today.  In the early 90s, Paul Brown worked out of a small shop in Midland, Michigan.  A designer and fabricator, he initially set out  to make a valve that would allow shampoo bottles to be stored upside down, without leaking.  He promised a client he could make it, and he set out to do so, using a molding press, liquid silicon, and good old fashioned ambition.  He did not like using computers, and he often worked intuitively.  He had the design fairly well mapped out, but the models were not quite working.  He worked on the design for days and days.  The materials and the prototypes were expensive to create, so  Paul borrowed thousands of dollars from eleven friends and family, including his mother, to fund his prototype. After 111 attempts Paul finally did it. Over the next few years, Brown's patented valve would become immensely popular with  Gerber and NASA. However, it was when Paul Brown was approached by both Heinz, and its chief rival, Hunt's, that he realized he'd really made it big. Paul went to work and applied the very same valve technology he used in shampoo bottles to Heinz ketchup. As you probably have guessed by now, the end result was a huge success. The Heinz people were blown away. Instead of having to shake the bottle or dig around for ketchup with a knife, it would now be possible to squeeze the perfect amount of ketchup out with a minimum amount of fuss or mess.  In 1995 Paul Brown sold his company, Liquid Molding Systems, Inc., for $13 million.  He paid off all his credit cards, and repaid everyone who had loaned him money… 100 times over. Would you like to get a task? Click here

16. POST-IT NOTES This invention was made thanks to an accidental cooperation of a scientist and an irritated parishioner. In 1968, Dr.Spencer Silver was attempting to develop a super-strong adhesive. Instead he accidentally created a "low-tack," reusable, pressure-sensitive adhesive. For five years, Silver promoted his "solution without a problem" within the company 3M both informally and through seminars but failed to gain acceptance. In 1974 a colleague who had attended one of his seminars, Art Fry, was annoyed by constantly falling leaves from his hymn book while singing in a church choir. So Fry came up with the idea of using the Silver’s adhesive to anchor his bookmark in his hymn book. Fry then sold this idea to 3M. The original notes' yellow color was chosen by accident, as the lab next-door to the Post-It team had only yellow scrap paper to use. The promotion of a new product began in 1977 and we can hardly imagine our life without these useful post-its. Would you like to get a task? Click here Back to the lab

17. SUPER GLUE At the turn of the 20th century, super glue was listed as one of the top inventions next to the remote control and microwave ovens. Originally it was created accidentally by Harry Coover who worked in the company Eastman Kodak. His task was to create gun sights for war. At first, Coover got really frustrated as the invented substance Cyanoacrylate got solid very quickly, stuck to everything thus damaging the lab equipment. So the researcher set aside its development until 1958 when Cooverrealised that this substance can be useful for people. The product picked up steam in the commercial market under the name “Crazy Glue”. Task Give full answers to the following questions. 1.What was the first name of the super glue? 2.Who invented the super glue? 3.Was Coover pleased with his invention when he created it? Why or why not? 4.Did Coover make the glue a successful invention at once? Back to the lab

18. SUPERMARKET TROLLEY Task Write questions to which the following sentences are the answers. 1.Whose_____________________? The trolley was the idea of American supermarket owner Sylvan Goldman. 2. What__________________________by? The frame was inspired by a folding chair. 3. Why____________________? They were unpopular at first because they reminded women of prams and men considered them effeminate. 4. When___________________________? In 1946 Orla Watson devised a system for a telescoping shopping cart 5. What cart______________________? Orla Watson devised a shopping cart which did not require assembly or disassembly of its parts before and after using it. The shopping trolley is one of the most successful marketing inventions of the 20th century. The trolley was the idea of American supermarket owner Sylvan Goldman, who dreamed it up as a way of encouraging shoppers to buy more items. The frame was inspired by a folding chair and held two wire shopping baskets, one above the other, doubling the quantity of goods that could be carried. They were unpopular at first because they reminded women of prams and men considered them effeminate. In 1946, Orla Watson devised a system for a telescoping shopping cart which did not require assembly or disassembly of its parts before and after using it like Goldman's cart. The swinging rear door formed the basis of the patent claim, and was a major innovation in the evolution of the modern shopping cart. Back to the lab

19. BLUE JEANS Levi Strauss, a young immigrant from Germany, arrived in San Francisco in 1850. California was in the middle of the Gold Rush. Thousands of men were coming to California to dig for gold. And Levi Strauss came to sell canvas to these gold miners. Canvas is a heavy fabric. So Levi Strauss thought the miners could use the canvas for tents. One day Strauss heard a miner complain that he couldn't find clothes strong enough for the work he was doing. Strauss got an idea. He quickly took some of his canvas and made it into pants. These pants were what the miners needed. In one day Strauss sold all the pants he had made. Strauss wanted to improve his pants. He wanted to make them even better. He bought a fabric that was softer than canvas but just as strong. This fabric came from Nimes, a city in France, and was called serge de Nimes. The miners liked this fabric. They called it “denim" (from de Nimes) and bought even more pants from Strauss. However, denim had no color. Because of this the denim pants did not look very interesting, and they got dirty easily. To solve these problems, Strauss dyed the denim blue. Strauss continued to improve his jeans. Today, the company he started is known around the world. And jeans are considered not just practical but very fashionable as well. Would you like to get a task? Click here Back to the lab

20. Back to the lab COCA-COLA In 1886 John Pemberton, a druggist in Atlanta, Georgia, made a brown syrup by mixing coca leaves and cola nuts. Pemberton sold the syrup in his drugstore as a medicine to cure all kinds of problems. Pemberton called his all-purpose medicine "Coca-Cola.” When few people bought Coca-Cola, Pemberton sold it to another druggist, Asa Candler. Candler decided to sell Coca-Cola as a soda-fountain drink instead of as a medicine. At the soda fountains in drugstores, the syrup was mixed with soda water to make the drink Coca-Cola. Candler advertised a lot and sold his syrup to many drugstores. Soon everyone was going to soda fountains and asking for Coca-Cola. Candler saw no reason for putting Coca-Cola into bottles. But two businessmen thought this would be a good idea. They got permission from Candler, and before long they became millionaires. As of 1903, coca leaves were no longer used in Coca-Cola. The exact ingredients used and their quantities are not known—the Coca- Cola Company keeps its recipe a secret. World War I helped make Coca-Cola popular outside the United States. The Coca-Cola Company sent free bottles of the drink to U.S. soldiers fighting in Europe. Coca-Cola became very popular with the soldiers—so popular that the U.S. Army asked the company to start ten factories in Europe. After the war, these factories continued to make Coca-Cola. Today, there are Coca-Cola factories around the world. Would you like to get a task? Click here

21. CHEWING GUM We think of chewing gum as a modern American invention. But this is only part true. For thousands of years people have chewed gum resin, a juice collected from trees in Mexico. In 1850s an American inventor Thomas Adams bought some chicle (the gum resin from the sapodilla tree) from a Mexican General Santa Ana. Adams wanted to make the chicle into rubber but his plan failed. Adams then decided that chicle was better as something to chew. In 1871 he made and sold the first gum balls. These gum balls were a great success. Then in the 1890s a name named William Wrigley first made chewing gum as we know it today. William Wrigley had little education or money, but he had an idea. He made gum into flat sticks and added special flavours. Today Wrigley’s Spearmint gum and Juicy Fruit gum are the most popular chewing gums in America. How did modern chewing gum spread from the United States to othe countries? During World War I and World War II the US Army found that chewing gum kept soldiers from getting thirsty. So American soldiers were given chewing gum every day. The soldiers who fought in Europe often gave gum to the people they met. Gum became as popular as it was in the USA. Today, of course, chewing gum can be found around the world. Would you like to get a task? Click here Back to the lab

22. COAT HANGER One morning in 1903, Albert J. Parkhouse arrived as usual at his workplace, the Timberlake Wire and Novelty Company in Jackson, Michigan, which specialized in making lampshade frames and other wire items. When he went to hang his hat and coat on the hooks provided for the workers, Parkhouse found all were in use. Annoyed and inspired Parkhouse picked up a piece of wire, bent it into two large oblong hoops opposite each other, and twisted both ends at the center into a hook. Then he hung up his coat and went to work. The company apparently thought it was a good idea, because they took out a patent on it. In those days, companies were allowed to take out patents on any of their employees’ inventions. Attorney Charles l. Patterson applied for the patent on January 25, 1904, and U.S. patent $822,981 was granted and assigned to John B. Timberlake. (Patterson put his own name on the line that asked for 'name of inventor.') Timberlake owned the company that Parkhouse worked for. The company made a fortune; Parkhouse never got a penny. A second patent, $877,726, was granted to Timberlake's son in 1907, for a more elaborate hanger which he termed a 'shirt drier.' Would you like to get a task? Click here Back to the lab

23. ZIPPER The design used today, based on interlocking teeth, was invented by an employee of Whitcomb Judson's, a scientist Gideon Sundback. In 1913 it was patented as the "Hookless Fastener" and after more improvements patented in 1917 as the "Separable Fastener". But this invention would be impossible without its prototype made 20 years earlier by Whitcomb Judson. He showed his invention “Clasp Locker” at the World Exhibition in 1893 in Chicago. It wasn’t impressive enough as it tended to unlock all the time. Only after Gideon Sundback had remodeled Judson's fastener into a more streamlined and reliable form was the fastener a success. Task Read the statements and answer True or False. 1.The zipper was invented by Whitcomb Judson. 2.The prototype of the modern zipper appeared 20 years earlier before the patented invention. 3. At the World Exhibition in 1893 in Chicago everybody was impressed by “Clasp Locker”. 4. The colour of the initial zipper wasn’t good enough. 5. Gideon Sundback made the zipper more reliable. Back to the lab

24. FLUSH TOILET Task Finish the sentences in the right way. 1.Thomas Crapper deserves a lot of the credit for____________________. 2.Crapper became_________________. 3.The actual invention of the toilet goes back to___________________ 4.Harrington invented a mechanism___________________. 5.Crapper incorporated__________________. 6. It was Crapper who__________________. It’s a widely held myth that Thomas Crapper invented the flush toilet. But while Thomas Crapper himself wasn’t the inventor, he does deserve a lot of the credit for making it a global success. He was a humble journeyman plumber who started his own London-based plumbing business in 1861 and became a shrewd businessman and marketer, popularizing the flush toilet, indoor plumbing, and bathroom fixtures. The actual invention of the flush toilet can be traced back to a Brit named Sir John Harrington who, in 1596, for Queen Elizabeth devised a mechanism with a cord that, when pulled, flushed away waste with a rush of water. Crapper’s handiwork came much later—he incorporated elegance to the design and bathroom fixtures. His flush toilets also saved water. In fact it was Crapper who invented the floating ballcock that stops water flowing into the toilet when the tank is full. Back to the lab

25. HOT DOG Task 1.Complete the definitions. Circle the letter of the correct answer. 1. The special bread used for a hot dog is a________ a.sausage b.bun c.duchshund 2. Another word for to shout is to________ a.name b.drawc.yell 3. A line of objects or people is a ___________ a.row b.gamec.cartoon 4.When something is a cause of excitements, it is______ a.an idea b.a sensation c.a hot dog 5.Large containers for water or other liquids, sometimes made of metal, are called________ a.tanksb.sellersc.cartoonists 6. A funny drawing is a__________ a.cartoonistb.frankfurterc.cartoon 2.Read the sentences and answer True or False. 1.Frankfurters were first sold in the USA in the 1960s. 2. A dachshund is a dog with a long body and short legs. 3. At baseball games you could see sellers walking around with hot-water tanks. 4.Tad Dorgan got an idea for his cartoon in his office. 5.Tad Dorgan drew a bun with a sausage inside. 6.The words under Tad Dorgan’s cartoon were “Get your hot dogs!” Back to the lab

26. CEASAR SALAD • Task • 1.Fill in the gaps with the correct preposition. • The salad’s creation is attributed _______Caesar Cardini. • The customers ate all the food which was ________offer. • It happened _______July 4th 1924. • The Caesar was at once introduced _____the menu. • 2.Answer the following questions. • 1. Do you like salads? • 2. Do you think salad is healthy food? • 3.Is it difficult to cook salad? • 3.Project. • Imagine you are a chef in a prestigious restaurant. And a celebrity is going to celebrate a birthday in this restaurant. You are asked to cook special salad for the occasion. Write the recipe and draw a picture of your salad. Back to the lab

27. UPSIDE-DOWN BOTTLE OF KETCHUP Task For the following words find the synonyms in the text. Guarantee, impacted, initially, set out, be stored, leaking, for days and days, intuitively, to fund, immensely, applied to, to squeeze, loaned money Back to the lab

28. POST-IT NOTES • Task • Read the text and try to solve the crossword. • 1.How many years did Silver promote his invention within the company 3M? • 2.What was the surname of the inventor of the adhesive? • 3.What colour was chosen for the original notes? • 4.From what object did Fry’s leaves fall all the time? Back to the lab

29. BLUE JEANS Tasks 1.What is the meaning of the underlined words? Circle the letter of the correct answer. 1.Strauss was a young immigrant. a.person who moves to another country b.person who is good in business. 2.Canvas is a heavy fabric. a.machineb.cloth 3.The miners complained that they didn’t have strong clothes. a.said about problems b.told stories 4.Strauss wanted to improve his pants. a.make them better b.make them cleaner 5.Strauss dyed the denim. a.changed the texture b.changed the colour 6.Today jeans are considered good for many uses. a.thought to be b.made to be 7.Blue jeans are practical. a.cheapb.useful 8.Blue jeans are fashionable. a.popular to wear. b.interesting 2.Replace the underlined pronouns in the sentences with the correct nouns. Canvas miners Levi Strauss pants the denim 1.They came to California for gold. 2.He came to California to sell canvass. 3.Miners used it to make tents. 4.Strauss used canvas to make them. 5.He dyed it blue. 6.Miners came to him to buy blue jeans. 3.Discuss the answers to these questions with your classmates. 1.Do you think Levi Strauss was a good businessman? Why or why not? 2.If you could have your own business, what would it be? 3.What can clothes tell you about people? Back to the lab

30. COCA-COLA Tasks 1.Number the sentences from 1 to 8 to show the correct order. ____Today there are Coca-Cola factories around the world. ____Few people bought Pemberton’s syrup. ____Candler made Coca-Cola into a soda. ____That was how Coca-Cola became so popular in the USA. ____John Pemberton sold Coca-Cola to Asa Candler. ____During World War I the Coca-Cola Company sent Coca-Cola to US soldiers in Europe. ____But two other businessmen put Coca-Cola into bottles. ____A druggist John Pemberton invented Coca-Cola in 1886. 2.Complete the sentences using the past tense form of the verbs in brackets. 1.John Pemberton ___________(be) a druggist in Atlanta, Georgia. 2. John Pemberton__________(make) a brown syrop. 3.He_________(call) this all-purpose medicine “Coca-Cola”. 4.He________(sell) it to Asa Candler. 5.Candler _________(mix) it with soda water. 6.Two old men ______(get) permission from Candler to put Coca-Cola in bottles. 3.Discuss the answers to these questions with your classmates. 1.What other international products can you think of? 2.Why do companies keep recipes secret? Back to the lab

31. CHEWING GUM • 2.Complete the sentences with the prepositions below. • From to into around among • 1.Chicle is the gum resin__________a tree. • 2.Thomas Adams bought some chicle _________Santa Ana. • 3.Adams wanted to make chicle __________rubber. • 4.Modern chewing gum spread _________the United States________other countries. • 5.Chewing gum kept American soldiers________getting thirsty. • 6.Soldiers gave gum___________people they met. • 7.Spearmint and Juicy Fruit are__________the most popular chewing gums in America. • 8.Today, chewing gum can be found ___________the world. • 3.Answer the following questions • 1. Is chewing gum popular in your country? Why or why not? • 2.What other American food products have spread around the world? • 3.When and where is it not suitable to chew gum? For example, do you chew gum in school, at home, at sport games? Tasks 1.Circle the letter of the best answer 1.___________had been chewing chicle for a long time. a.Americans b.Mexican Indians c.People from Texas 2.Thomas Adams ____________ a.soldchicle to Santa Ana b.madechicle into rubber c.madechicle into gum balls 3. In the 1890s William Wrigley__________ a.had no education b.gave gum to American soldiers c.made gum into flat sticks Back to the lab

32. COAT HANGER Task Find the best explanation for the underlined words. 1. Parkhouse wanted to hang his hat and coat on the hooks a)a curved device used for catching or holding things b)a straight device used for keeping thing 2.The workers were provided with the hooks. a) given to use what they needed b)offered to buy 3. Inspired Parkhouse picked up a piece of wire. a)wanting to do something b)tired very much 4. He bent it into two large oblong hoops. a) longer in a shape b) wide 5. He twisted both ends at the center into a hook. a) turned around one another b) broke Back to the lab

33. Wow, what inquisitive minds you have! After all, as the English saying goes, “Knowledge is power!” Back to the lab