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18. Juni 2010 Lecture at the BOKU for Biosafety Class of Prof. Dr. Margit Laimer

18. Juni 2010 Lecture at the BOKU for Biosafety Class of Prof. Dr. Margit Laimer Regulation of GM crops and the Cartagena Protocol Em. Prof. Ammann, University of Bern. Biodiversity Convention and Biosafety Protocol. Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) :

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18. Juni 2010 Lecture at the BOKU for Biosafety Class of Prof. Dr. Margit Laimer

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  1. 18. Juni 2010 Lecture at the BOKU for Biosafety Class of Prof. Dr. Margit Laimer Regulation of GM crops and the Cartagena Protocol Em. Prof. Ammann, University of Bern

  2. Biodiversity Convention and Biosafety Protocol Convention on Biological Diversity (1992): • Aim: Conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, and fair and equitable sharing of the benefits of using genetic resources, including by access genetic resources and transfer of technologies • Article 8 (“In situ conservation of biodiversity” ): Obligation to develop National Biosafety Systems • Article 19 (“Handling biotechnology and distribution of its benefits”):- promote and advance priority access to biotechnology- Consider a protocol on biosafety – this became the CPB • Governing body: Conference of the Parties (COP)

  3. Biodiversity Convention and Biosafety Protocol Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (2000): • Aim: to contribute to biosafety and specifically focusing on transboundary movements • Advance Informed Agreement procedure for transboundary movement of LMOs intended for release in the environment of receiving country • Procedure for LMOs intended for food, feed, processing in the receiving country • Biosafety Clearing House Mechanism • Capacity Building • Governing body: Meeting of the Parties (MOP) –sometimes also called COP/CMOP

  4. Recommended readings: the available ASK-FORCE contributions from Klaus Ammann: http://www.botanischergarten.ch/ASK-FORCE-Summary/ASK-FORCE-Su About an infamous. extreemely polemic author activist against GMO crops and its regulation, see a complete rebuttal in http://academicsreview.org Aerni, P., Rae, A., & Lehmann, B. (2009) Nostalgia versus Pragmatism? How attitudes and interests shape the term sustainable agriculture in Switzerland and New Zealand. Food Policy, 34, 2, pp 227-235 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VCB-4V1MFKR-1/2/b72610f6397bc5572a076cbe0ae3e599 Chassy, B. & Parrott, W. (2009) Is This Study Believable? Examples from Animal Studies with GM Foods. . In In Agricultural Biotechnology, , pp. 9, University of California, Davis, Davis, California http://www.agribiotech.info/details AND http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Peer-Review/Chassy-Parrott-Believable-2009.doc Chassy, B.M. (2009) Global Regulation of Transgenic Crops. In Molecular Genetic Approaches to Maize Improvement, pp. 107-124 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68922-5_9 Graff, G., Hochman, G., & Zilberman, D. (2009) The Political Economy of Agricultural Biotechnology Policies. In AgBioForum, Vol. 12, pp. 1-13 http://www.agbioforum.org/v12n1/v12n1a04-graff.htm AND http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Regulation/Graff-Political-Economy-Policies-2009.pdf Herman, R.A., Chassy, B.M., & Parrott, W. (2009) Compositional assessment of transgenic crops: an idea whose time has passed. Trends in Biotechnology, In Press, Corrected Proof, pp http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TCW-4X26XP1-1/2/bcfd547d5f12695fc76c4fc5886ba9fc AND http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Regulation/Herman-Compositional-Analysis-2009.pdf Nickson, T.E. (2008) Planning Environmental Risk Assessment for Genetically Modified Crops: Problem Formulation for Stress-Tolerant Crops. Plant Physiology, 147, pp 494-502 http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Regulation/Nickson-Planning-Stress-2008.pdf Qaim, M. & Stein, A.J. (2008) Economic consequences of Golden Rice. In Invited presentation at the Fourth Conference of the European Plant Science Organisation, Toulon (Cote d'Azur), France http://www.epsoweb.org/catalog/conf2008.htm AND http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Golden-Rice/Qaim-Economic-Consequences-Epso-Abstract-2008.pdf Raybould, A.F. (2010) Reducing uncertainty in regulatory decision-making for transgenic crops: More ecological research or shrewder environmental risk assessment? GM crops, 1, 1, pp 1-7 http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/gmcrops/article/9776 AND http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Regulation/Raybould-Reducing-uncertainty-2010.pdf Ricroch, A., Bergé, J., & Kuntz, M. (2009) Is the German suspension of MON810 maize cultivation scientifically justified? electronic prepublicatoin 23.6.2009 open access. Transgenic Research, pp http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11248-009-9297-5 AND http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Regulation/Ricroch-German-Suspension-Scientifically-2009.pdf AND http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Regulation/Ricroch-Supplement-Material-2009.doc Shelton, A., Naranjo, S., Romeis, J., Hellmich, R., Wolt, J., Federici, B., Albajes, R., Bigler, F., Burgess, E., Dively, G., Gatehouse, A., Malone, L., Roush, R., Sears, M., & Sehnal, F. (2009) Setting the record straight: a rebuttal to an erroneous analysis on transgenic insecticidal crops and natural enemies. Transgenic Research, 18, 3, pp 317-322 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11248-009-9260-5 open access AND http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Bt/Shelton-Setting-Record-Straight-Lovei-2009.pdf Shelton, A.M., Naranjo, S.E., Romeis, J., Hellmich, R.L., Wolt, J.D., Federici, B.A., Albajes, R., Bigler, F., Burgess, E.P.J., Dively, G.P., Gatehouse, A.M.R., Malone, L.A., Roush, R., Sears, M., Sehnal, F., Ferry, N., & Bell, H.A. (2009) Appropriate Analytical Methods Are Necessary to Assess Nontarget Effects of Insecticidal Proteins in GM Crops Through Meta-Analysis (Response to Andow et al. 2009). Environmental Entomology, 38, 6, pp 1533-1538 <Go to ISI>://WOS:000272581400002 AND http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Bt1/Shelton-Appropriate-Analytical-Methods-2009.pdf

  5. Mailing list ISBR: 592 Roster of Experts CP: 487 12 CP RoE vs. ISBR mailing list

  6. Werner Arber, Nobel Laureate 1978: Interestingly, naturally occurring molecular evolution, i.e. the spontaneous generation of genetic variants has been seen to follow exactly the same three strategies as those used in genetic engineering14. These three strategies are: (a) small local changes in the nucleotide sequences, (b) internal reshuffling of genomic DNA segments, and (c) acquisition of usually rather small segments of DNA from another type of organism by horizontal gene transfer. Werner Arber, Comparison, with publications Arber, W. (2002) Roots, strategies and prospects of functional genomics. Current Science, 83, 7, pp 826-828 http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Mutations/Arber-Comparison-2002.pdf Arber, W. (2002) Roots, strategies and prospects of functional genomics. Current Science, 83, 7, pp 826-828 http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Mutations/Arber-Comparison-2002.pdf

  7. Arber, However principal differences: Prereflection and short time distribution of successful traits However, there is a principal difference between the procedures of genetic engineering and those serving in nature for biological evolution. While the genetic engineer pre-reflects his alteration and verifies its results, nature places its genetic variations more randomly and largely independent of an identified goal. And after ca. 10 years of safety assessment transgenic crops are distributed to the millions in a short time. Arber, W. (2002) Roots, strategies and prospects of functional genomics. Current Science, 83, 7, pp 826-828 http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Mutations/Arber-Comparison-2002.pdf Arber, W. (2002) Roots, strategies and prospects of functional genomics. Current Science, 83, 7, pp 826-828 http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Mutations/Arber-Comparison-2002.pdf

  8. genetically stable mutant genetically stable transgenic genetically unstable transgenic genetically unstable mutant • Batista, R., Saibo, N., Lourenco, T., & Oliveira, M.M. (2008) • Microarray analyses reveal that plant mutagenesis may induce more transcriptomic changes than transgene insertion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105, 9, pp 3640-3645 • http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Genomics/Batista-Microarray-Analysis-2008.pdf

  9. Radiation breeding as field experiments Gamma Field for radiation breeding 100m radius 89 TBq Co-60 source at the center Shielding dike 8m high Better spaghettis, whisky 1800 new plants Institute of Radiation Breeding Ibaraki-ken, JAPAN http://www.irb.affrc.go.jp/

  10. Real Frankenfood Worldwide: all pasta is made from radiation mutated durum wheat Triticum durum

  11. History of websites mentioning Frankenfood Frankenfood: Sic transit gloria mundi... Figure 4. Web site pages addessing the 'Frankenfood' and 'Frankenstein food' issues at Monsanto, the Times, and the Friends of the Earth Web sites. jcmc.indiana.edu/vol8/issue4/hellsten.html Leydesdorff, L. & Hellsten, I. (2006) Measuring the meaning of words in contexts: An automated analysis of controversies about 'Monarch butterflies,' 'Frankenfoods,' and 'stem cells'. Scientometrics, 67, 2, pp 231-258 http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Food/Leydesdorff-Measuring-Frankenfood-2006.pdf AND http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Food/Hellsten-Frankenfood-2003.pdf

  12. PRRI letter to the executives of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), method of transformation itself is neutral, GMOS are as safe as its conventional counterpart with respect to potential effects on the environment, taking also into account human health PRRI letter : http://www.pubresreg.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=490

  13. “Compositional studies comparing transgenic crops with non-transgenic crops are almost universally required by governmental regulatory bodies to support the safety assessment of new transgenic crops. theoretical and empirical evidence suggesting that such studies are no more necessary for evaluating the safety of transgenic crops than they are for traditionally bred crops Herman, R.A., Chassy, B.M., & Parrott, W. (2009) Compositional assessment of transgenic crops: an idea whose time has passed. Trends in Biotechnology, In Press, Corrected Proof, pp http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Regulation/Herman-Compositional-Analysis-2009.pdf

  14. A conceptual framework is proposed by IFPRI/ISNAR in 2002, Process-based triggers are the rule in almost all countries While such a product-based approach to defining the object of regulation is truest to the scientific principle that biotechnology is not inherently more risky than other technologies McLean, M.A., Frederick, R.J., Traynor, P.L., Cohen, J.I., & Komen, J. (2002) A Conceptual Framework for Implementing Biosafety: Linking Policy, Capacity, and Regulation, ISNAR, International Service for National Agricultural Research pp 1-12 ISNAR Briefing Papers Washington DC. (Report) ftp://ftp.cgiar.org/isnar/publicat/bp-47.pdf AND http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Regulation/McLean-Conceptual-Framework-ISNAR-47-2002.pdf

  15. European Safety Attitude: let not the Europeans decide about Biosafety in Africa, do your own safety assessment

  16. another kind of risk attitude

  17. Linden, A. & Fenn, J. (2003) Understanding Gartner's Hype Cycles, Gartner Research pp 12 Strategic Analysis Report (Report) http://carbon.cudenver.edu/~jgerlach/emergingtechnologyOL/FirstReadings/HypeCycleIntro.pdf AND http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Discourse/Linden-HypeCycle-2003.pdf see also http://www.gartner.com/it/products/research/methodologies/research_hype.jsp and another example http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/gartner_hype_cycle_2009.php AND http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Discourse/MacManus-Gartner-hype-cycle-2009.pdf

  18. The often critizised DEFICIT MODEL: Its not to discard altogether the traditional deficit model, rather to combine it with the contextual approach, thus emphasizing the complex and interacting nature of the knowledge-attitude interface. Sturgis, P. & Allum, N. (2004) Science in society: re-evaluating the deficit model of public attitudes. Public Understanding of Science, 13, 1, pp 55-74 <Go to ISI>://WOS:000221338100004 AND http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Discourse/Sturgis-Science-SocietyDeficit-Model-2004.pdf Sturgis, P., Cooper, H., & Fife-Schaw, C. (2005) Attitudes to biotechnology: estimating the opinions of a better-informed public. New Genetics and Society, 24, 1, pp 31-56 <Go to ISI>://WOS:000228159800003 AND http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Discourse/Sturgis-Attitudes-Biotechnology-2005.pdf Sturgis, P., Roberts, C., & Allum, N. (2005) A different take on the deliberative poll - Information, deliberation, and attitude constraint. Public Opinion Quarterly, 69, 1, pp 30-65 <Go to ISI>://WOS:000227413300003 AND http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Discourse/Sturgis-Different-Take-Deliberative-2005.pdf

  19. Osseweijer, P. (2006) A new model for science communication that takes ethical considerations into account - The Three-E Model: Entertainment, Emotion and Education. Science and Engineering Ethics, 12, 4, pp 591-593 http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Ask-Force/Osseweijer-EEE-2006.pdf

  20. Newman, M.E.J. (2003) The structure and function of complex networks. Siam Review, 45, pp 167-256 http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Discourse/Newman-Structure-Function-2003.pdf

  21. Number of patents granted from 1980 – 2003 in plant genetic engineering Lo, S.-c. (2009) Scientific linkage of science research and technology development: a case of genetic engineering research. Scientometrics, ONLINE, pp 1-12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11192-009-0036-8 AND http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Scientometrics/Lo-Scientific-Linkage-Sience-Research-2008.pdf

  22. Economy will finally push acceptance “The acreage cultivated with genetically modified crops in the exporting countries has considerably increased over the last few years and will continue to do so. We therefore believe that the existing regulatory situation, in combination with the foreseen limitation in the scope of the technical solution, is precipitating the European Community towards serious food and feed supply problems.”

  23. Strange Bedfellows In Europe and in some developing countries a “strange bedfellows” constellation of concentrated economic interests (including incumbent agrochemical manufacturers, certain farm groups, and environmental protest activists) act in rational self-interest to negatively characterize GM technology in the public arena and to seek regulations that block or slow its introduction Graff, G., G. Hochman, et al. (2009) The Political Economy of Agricultural Biotechnology Policies. AgBioForum 12, 1-13 DOI: http://www.agbioforum.org/v12n1/v12n1a04-graff.htm AND http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Regulation/Graff-Political-Economy-Policies-2009.pdf

  24. Delhi, India — Three 'cows' and three 'sheep', on behalf of 1600 dead cattle, sought an audience with the Minister of Agriculture Mr. Sharad Pawar this morning to present a memorandum (1) drawing his attention to the mysterious deaths of cattle in Warangal, Andhra Pradesh. Activists dressed as cows and sheep held up a banner asking, "Did GM Crops Kill Us? Don't Legalise GM food!"

  25. Often missguided Foreign Aid: Too much Eco-Imperialism

  26. General rules for scientific work in biosafety assessment • Making sure the samples tested are comparable samples. • Testing composition to make sure the tests and controls are comparable. • The need for an acceptable balanced and nutritious diet. • Why the dose is important. • What statistics do and don’t tell us. • Following internationally agreed guidelines (OECD etc.) • The importance of peer review and scientific publication, • Guidelines for dealing with conflicting information. • Ethical considerations. Chassy, B. & Parrott, W. (2009) Is This Study Believable? Examples from Animal Studies with GM Foods. . In In Agricultural Biotechnology, , pp. 9, University of California, Davis, Davis, California http://www.agribiotech.info/details AND http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Peer-Review/Chassy-Parrott-Believable-2009.doc

  27. The launch of the Global Business Ethos Declaration was held on 6 October 2009 at the United Nations headquarters in New York, hosted by the UN Global Compact, the Swiss Mission to the United Nations, the Global Ethic Foundation, and the Novartis Foundation for Sustainable Development. http://www.novartisstiftung.org/platform/content/element/3177/Newsletter_3-09_2.pdf

  28. Statement From Michael Hansen, CEO Of Elsevier's Health Sciences Division, regarding Australia Based Sponsored Journal Practices Between 2000 And 2005 Philadelphia, PA, 7 May 2009 It has recently come to my attention that from 2000 to 2005, our Australia office published a series of sponsored article compilation publications, on behalf of pharmaceutical clients, that were made to look like journals and lacked the proper disclosures. This was an unacceptable practice, and we regret that it took place.

  29. http://www.genepeace.ch/ Demonstration of Swiss Researchers

  30. Amish farmers in biotech-debate: subsequent partial adoption of transgenic crops: 1999, see: http://www.ifpri.org/2020conference/PDF/summary_ammann.pdf

  31. Ammann, K. (2008) Feature: Integrated farming: Why organic farmers should use transgenic crops. New Biotechnology, 25, 2, pp 101 - 107 http://www.botanischergarten.ch/NewBiotech/Ammann-Integrated-Farming-Organic-2008.publ.pdf AND DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2008.08.012 Ammann, K. (2009) Feature: Why farming with high tech methods should integrate elements of organic agriculture. New Biotechnology, 25, 6, pp 378-388 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B8JG4-4WKTX50-1/2/1698b7149ed724fd0a49b3ae49f234ab AND http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Organic/Ammann-High-Tech-and-Organic-2009.pdf Ammann, K. & van Montagu, M. (2009) Organotransgenesis arrives. New Biotechnology, 25, 6, pp 377-377 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B8JG4-4W7YY1F-1/2/28740dfca05cf12bb3b973b4f4568ccb AND http://www.botanischergarten.ch/NewBiotech/Ammann-Montagu-Editorial-Oranotransgenesis-arrives-2009.pdf

  32. unfortunately, planning problems in the field of green biotechnology have now evolved into wicked problems with complex structures and no obvious causal chains Some thoughts about regulation, the GM debate and discourse methods Rittel, H.W.J. & Webber, M.R. (2005) Dilemmas in a general theory of planning. Policy Sciences, 4, 2, pp 155-169 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01405730 AND http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Discourse/Rittel-Dilemmas-2005.pdf Ammann, K. & Papazova Ammann, B. (2004) Factors Influencing Public Policy Development in Agricultural Biotechnology. In RISK ASSESSMENT OF TRANSGENIC CROPS. (ed S. Shantaram), Vol. 9, pp. 1552. Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, NJ, USA.P. Christou & H. Klee Handbook of Plant Biotechnology http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Wiley/Factors-Discourse-Wiley.pdf

  33. Solving wicked problems needs new, second generationsystem approaches in communication and decision making

  34. to respect different kinds of knowledge is better than the stakeholder conceptfactual knowledgedeontic knowledgeexplanatory knowledge instrumental knowledgeprocedural knowledgeconceptual knowledgetraditional knowledge

  35. only those should participate who are part of the problem • Kahane, A. (2004) • Solving Tough Problems: An Open Way of Talking, Listening, and Creating New Realities Berrett-Koehler Publishers, San Francisco, IS: 1-57675-293-3, 150 p. • www.bkconnection.com

  36. Dialogue My derrière hurts !!! What ?? Dialogue between the Biotech Pro‘s and Con‘s

  37. some comments for the debate following the contributions of the biosafety class of Prof. Margit Laimer from June 18, 2010

  38. The Golden Rice Debate Indica Rice IR64, transgenic, „regulatory clean“, provitamin A at 0.8 g/g GoldenRice with much higher provitamin A is scientifically possible Indica Rice IR64, wildtype, no provitamin A

  39. If these GoldenRice seeds were derived from traditional technology, they could have been passed to breeders in 1999 and they would be in the hands of the farmers since early 2003 . As these seeds are, however, GMO‘s they have to pass numerous hurdles before they can be used by breeders, and many more before they can be passed on to the farmers – if they reach them at all. To the European society this does not matter: the blind children do not live amongst us and „life of a butterfly in Europe is more important than life of a child“ in Southeast Asia.

  40. Propaganda lie, for many years on the Greenpeace website: 9kg daily consumption necessary, actually 260g are enough http://biotecnologiebastabugie.blogspot.com/2008_03_01_archive.html

  41. A clear case of human mortality caused by organic farming Mukherjee, A., Speh, D., Dyck, E., & Diez-Gonzalez, F. (2004) Preharvest evaluation of coliforms, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Escherichia coli O157 : H7 in organic and conventional produce grown by Minnesota farmers. Journal of Food Protection, 67, 5, pp 894-900 http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Organic/Mukherjee-Preharvest-Coliforms-2004.pdf

  42. Islam, M., Doyle, M.P., Phatak, S.C., Millner, P., & Jiang, X.P. (2005) Survival of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 in soil and on carrots and onions grown in fields treated with contaminated manure composts or irrigation water. Food Microbiology, 22, 1, pp 63-70 http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Organic/Islam-Survival-ColiO157H7-2005.pdf

  43. Islam, M., Doyle, M.P., Phatak, S.C., Millner, P., & Jiang, X.P. (2005) Survival of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 in soil and on carrots and onions grown in fields treated with contaminated manure composts or irrigation water. Food Microbiology, 22, 1, pp 63-70 http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Organic/Islam-Survival-ColiO157H7-2005.pdf

  44. more on the Kenyan situation of regulation of GM crops • Representation of diverse and relevant voices in the biosafety policy process; • • Kenya must develop home-grown biotechnology and biosafety capacity in order to instil “ownership” of thinking into the minds of scientists and policy makers, • thereby enhancing public trust; • • The Kenyan regulatory policy development process should take advantage of integrating the political and social “blind spots” assumed or taken for granted in • the “ad-hoc” policy implementation process. A hypothetical consensus-building system oriented approach is recommended if benefits from life sciences are to • become sustainable. Kingiri, A. & Ayele, S. (2009) Towards a smart biosafety regulation: The case of Kenya. Environ. Biosafety Res., 8, 3, pp 133-139 http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Regulation/Kingiri-Towards-Smart-Biosafety-Regulation-2009.pdf

  45. Sengooba, T., Grumet, R., Hancock, J., Zawedde, B., Kitandu, L., Weebadde, C., Karembu, M., Kenya, E., Meredia, K., Nampala, P., Ochanda, J.O., Quemada, H., & Rubindamayugi, M. (2009) Biosafety education relevant to genetically engineered crops for academic and non-academic stakeholders in East Africa. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, 12, 1, pp 1-13 http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Discourse/Sengooba-Biosafety-Education-East-Africa-2009.pdf

  46. Bt maize contains less cancer causing mycotoxins, therefore the Bt maize is healthier than conventional maize Aumaitre, A. (2004) Safety assessment and feeding value for pigs, poultry and ruminant animals of pest protected (Bt) plants and herbicide tolerant (glyphosate, glufosinate) plants: interpretation of experimental results observed worldwide on GM plants. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 3, 2, pp 107-121 http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Bt/Aumaitre-Safety-Assessment-2004.pdf

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