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“ Neurological Disorders ”

“ Neurological Disorders ”. Human Neuropsychology (486 / 686) Lecture Chapter 26. 1. The Neurological Examination. Patient History Patient and family background and disease history Observation of behavior and state of awareness Simple tests of memory and speech The Physical Examination

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“ Neurological Disorders ”

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  1. “Neurological Disorders” . Human Neuropsychology (486 / 686) Lecture Chapter 26 1

  2. The Neurological Examination • Patient History • Patient and family background and disease history • Observation of behavior and state of awareness • Simple tests of memory and speech • The Physical Examination • Head and body size, Blood pressure • Various reflexes • Smell and taste, sensation and hearing • Sensitivity to light • Muscular strength • Object recognition, speech repetition

  3. Vascular Disorders • Cerebral vascular accident (CVA) aka Stroke: sudden appearance of neurological symptoms resulting from disruption of blood flow to the brain • Mild to severe

  4. Vascular Disorders • Ischemia – lack of blood supply Causes: Thrombosis, Embolism, Cerebral Arteriosclerosis, Cerebral Vascular Insufficiency (transient ischemia) • Migraine stroke - Appears as a transient ischemic attack Symptoms: Impaired sensory function, Numbness, Difficulty moving, Aphasia • Cerebral Hemorrhage – bleeding most common cause high blood pressure

  5. Vascular Disorders • Angiomas - Arteriovenous Malformation • Angiomas - Collection of abnormal blood vessels • Aneurysms - Vascular dilation

  6. Treatments • Drug therapies Anticoagulants, blood pressure meds,steroids • Surgeries

  7. Traumatic Brain Injuries • Open Head Injury – penetrating wounds, deficits specific to injury site, greatest risk of infection • Closed Head Injury – forces that cause damage: coup, countercoup, twisting and shearing, bleeding and edema

  8. Closed-Head Injuries • Coma • Behavioral effects • General complaints • Risk for future head injury • Cumulative effects

  9. Behavioral Assessment • Glasgow Coma Scale

  10. Behavioral Assessment • Post-Traumatic Amnesia (PTA)

  11. Epilepsy • Three common symptoms • Diagnosed with EEG

  12. Types of Seizures: • Focal Jacksonian, Complex partial • Generalized • Grand Mal, Petit Mal • Akinetic and Myoclonic • Anticonvulsant drugs • Surgery Treatment for Epilepsy:

  13. Tumors • Benign vs Malignant • Encapsulated vs Infiltrating • Types: Gliomas, Meningiomas, Metastatic • Treatment: Surgery, Radiation, Chemotherapy

  14. Gliomas: oligodendroglioma astrocytoma ependymoma

  15. Menigiomas

  16. Metastatic tumors From Lung cancer From skin cancer

  17. Headaches: Migraine Classic migraine Common migraine Cluster headache Hemiplegic and ophthalmologic migraine Treatment: Specific drugs to prevent and control pain e.g. topamax, ergotamine

  18. Other Headaches • Neurological disease related Causes: tumor, head trauma,infections, vascular malformation, hypertension treatment: treat the cause • Muscle-contraction headaches (tension) treatment: Analgesics, Muscle relaxants, tranquilizers, posture improvement, reduce stress • Nonmigrainous vascular headaches • Causes: Fever, anoxia, anemia, high altitude, physical effort, hypoglycemia, food, or chemical agents

  19. Infections Interfere with blood supply, Disrupt glucose or oxygen metabolism, Alter cell membranes, Form pus, Edema Types: • Viruses – neurotropic, pantropic • treatment: Difficult to treat; no antidote • Bacteria – Meningitis, Brain abscesses • treatment: Antibiotics, Drainage • Mycotic Infections – fungus • Parasitic Infections – Amebiasis,Malaria • No satisfactory treatment, Antibiotics

  20. Motor Neurons and the Spinal Cord • Myasthenia Gravis • Poliomyelitis • Multiple Sclerosis • Paraplegia • Brown-Séquard Syndrome • Hemiplegia

  21. 1. Moran and Desimone showed that monkey neurons responded selectively to specific stimuli in their visual fields: a. after reward training b. when the stimulus was presented to the right visual hemifield c. when the stimulus was presented to the left visual hemifield d. when the stimulus was a particular color

  22. 2. Which of the following processes are necessary prerequisites of consciousness? a. attention and perception b. working memory c. arousal d. all of these processes are necessary

  23. 3. Dendrite growth differs from axonal growth in that: a. axons grow faster than dendrites in order to play a role in shaping dendritic growth b. axons grow faster than dendrites in order to reach a larger maximum size c. dendrite grow faster than axons in order to play a role in shaping axonal growth d. dendrite grow faster than axons in order to reach a larger maximum size

  24. 4. After a series of higher than normal stimulations followed by a rest period, a baseline stimulation to a neuron elicits a greater excitatory post synaptic potential from another neuron that receives it’s projections. This phenomenon is known as: a. kindling b. long-term potentiation c. ischemia d. synaptogenesis

  25. 5. Countercoup damage is the result of: a. aneurysm b. infection c. closed head injury d. open head injury

  26. 6. What are Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development? Briefly characterize each stage. 7. What evidence is there that motor maps can be modified by experience? 8. What is the difference between an angioma and an aneurysm?

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