APUSH

1. APUSH Articles of Confederation, New Nation, the Constitution, and the War of 1812 (1776-1817) Chapters 9-11

2. From Articles to Constitution • Cautious about giving government too much power • Articles weak: • No power to tax • No control over states • Best thing to come out of Articles? Northwest Ordinance of 1787= • Orderly creation of territories and states • No slavery north of Ohio River • Support for public education

3. Shay’s Rebellion 1786 • Shay’s Rebellion (1776-1787) helped illustrate the need for a stronger federal government • MA farmers protested unfair economic and political policies • Revealed resentment backcountry farmers harbored against the coastal elite • Economic frustrations of MA farmers losing farms due to lack of hard currency • Goals: • End to farm foreclosures • End to debtor’s prison • Relief from high taxes • Increased circulation of paper money • Do not attempt to overthrow MA government!

4. A New Constitution-What’s In • Series of compromises to balance small and large states, free and slave states • Keys: • James Madison=father of Constitution • Separation of powers- 3 branches • Congress can declare war • Guarantees legal status of slavery • Creates electoral college to protect presidency from popular election (public not smart enough to elect on their own) • Way to impeach president • Annual state of the union address • Way to ratify the Constitution • Federalism • Bicameral legislature=House & Senate • Powers of Congress detailed • 3/5ths Compromise=counting slaves for population purposes

5. VA Plan, NJ Plan & CT Compromise • Different plans reflected the ideological differences of the delegates • New Jersey Plan called for minor changes and equal representation for all states • Virginia Plan called for a new government and for representation based on population • Great Compromise addressed these differences and created a bicameral legislature with one body representing equal representation and the other representing population

6. What’s Out • NOT in the Constitution • 2 term limit on President • Universal manhood suffrage- not until _____________________? • Presidential cabinet • Direct election of senators • Guarantees of freedom of speech & press (added with Bill of Rights) • Right to speedy trial (added in BOR) • Idea of political parties (framers opposed- causes self interest, division and against a republican government)

7. Federalists v. Anti-federalists • Federalist Papers: • Alexander Hamilton & James Madison wrote to support ratification of Constitution • Claimed large republic offered best protection of minority rights • Anti-Federalists: • Opposed federalism and feared strong central government would be tyrannical • Support from rural areas • Argued president would be too powerful • Feared heavy taxes by Congress • Feared government would raise a standing army • Believed states would be overshadowed by feds • Argued individual rights needed to be protected

8. New Nation 1789-1824 • Economic policies: • Hamilton proposed a National Bank to regulate and strengthen the economy • Two sides debated the constitutionality of its creation • Strict and loose constructionists argued about enumerated and implied powers = Jefferson vs. Hamilton • Hamilton’s Plan: • National bank • Protect tariff • Find national debt • Assume state debt from the war • Tax liquor to raise $ • Expand domestic manufacturing

9. US Two-Party System Emerged Washington warns about political parties & foreign entanglements @ farewell address

10. APUSH Test Tip • While GW is first in our hearts, he is less loved by the writers, with the exception of his farewell address. Questions have appeared regarding Wilson’s opponents to the League of Nations using Washington’s speech to justify their opposition • In the 1930’s isolationists use his speech to justify support of the Neutrality Acts • Washington is mainly ignored on the test while Hamilton is an APUSH superstar! Almost ALL EXAMS have at least one question about Hamilton’s financial plans.

11. What about the ladies? Republican Motherhood • Women’s history throughout is a constant on the AP exam • Important names=Abigail Adams, Mercy Otis Warren • 1790s—Woman’s role became important • They were the teachers and producers of virtuous male citizens • The hand that rocks the cradle serves to solidify the growth of the republic • Should receive education, but only to help teach young males • Had very little political authority

12. TJ & The “Revolution of 1800” • Victory of Jefferson & Democratic-Republicans marked end of what has been called the Federalist decade • You say you want a revolution? Revolution because the party in power peacefully gave up power after losing • Keys to Jefferson: • Farmers are the model of virtue • Cities corrupt influence (bankers, industrialists) • No violation of state’s rights should be allowed (se VA & KY Resolutions) • Freedom of speech and press essential & has been violated (see Adam’s Alien and Sedition Acts) • Small government better • Federalist party split by 1800, which gave the Democratic-Republicans an advantage in the election • Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr received an equal number of votes in the Electoral College • House of Representatives had to choose a victor—Jefferson • President now had a VP that he didn’t want (again!) • 12th Amendment allowed electors to vote for a president and vice-president on the same ticket (1804) • This represented America’s first transition of power from one party to another, which occurred smoothly

13. Louisiana Purchase 1803 • Doubled the territory of the US in the greatest achievement of Jefferson’s first term • Purchased from France for $15 million • Jefferson violated his allegiance to a strict interpretation of the Constitution • Claimed the power to negotiate treaties with foreign nations, without Congressional approval • Lots of land for more farmers (his crew) • Jefferson sent Lewis and Clark to explore the new territory and the West • Largest acquisition of territory-even bigger than Alaska

14. Marshall Court APUSH Test Tip: Marshall is a favorite. Most exams have a question about Marbury v. Madison & judicial review. Also good to know that Marshall was a proponent of a strong central govt. & an opponent of state’s rights • Strong Central Government • Chief Justice John Marshall • Marbury v. Madison 1803 • Judicial review • Acts of Congress can be declared unconstitutional by the SC • Dartmouth College v. Woodward • Federal tops state legislation • State cannot encroach on a contract McCulloch v. Maryland SC struck down Maryland law taxing the Baltimore branch of the National Bank

15. War of 1812-NEVER a DBQ or FRQ • Causes: • British impressments of American sailors • British interference with American commerce • British soldiers had never really left & were arming & aiding Natives to resist US settlement on frontier • Consequences: • Burn down White House • Demise of Federalist party • Intensifying nationalist feelings • promote industry • advance career of Andrew Jackson