What religious schisms have we seen so far?

1. What religious schisms have we seen so far?

2. THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE EARLY MODERN ERA Early English Government Divided Many kings Kings were considered “anointed by God” All people governed by the King were “subject” to his rule Existed as part of… The Feudal System A system of “lords,” “vassals,” and peasants THE FEUDAL SYSTEM

3. THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE EARLY MODERN ERA Legacy • Lasting Changes: • Okay to celebrate human worth and beauty (seen in art & society) • Opened up a world of new ideas • Led people to question and examine things more closely • New value on education and learning • Renaissance • 14-17th Centuries • New view of human beings: • Emphasis on individual ability & achievement • Created new ideal: idea of well-rounded, universal person THEN A REBIRTH BEGINS.

4. THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE EARLY MODERN ERA • Religion on the Eve of Reformation (1500) • Christendom stretched from… • Only major division was between... • In Western Europe in the years 1450 – 1520: • Catholic Church = incredibly powerful, with leaders at height of corruption • Concerned with political interests, not religious • Lives of luxury • Julius II = “warrior-pope”; created an army to fight enemies of Church • Immoral and non-spiritual activities • Indulgences = certificates for sale by church officials that forgave people for their sins; some priests even sold indulgences for future sins • BUT… • By 1500 people were beginning to resent taxes, monarchs were beginning to challenge the Church’s authority, more people reading bible for themselves, Christian Humanists & Renaissance thinkers are thinking about their power as individuals and their faith

5. THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE EARLY MODERN ERA

6. THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE EARLY MODERN ERA • In Comes Martin Luther • 1517 • German monk & teacher protests the actions of the Church • 95 Theses • Ideas printed and spread through Germany • Argues that all people with faith alone is needed for salvation - don’t need priests to interpret the Bible for them • What made this REVOLUTIONARY? • Theological arguments call into question the special position of the Church clergy (the pope esp.) and challenges the AUTHORITY of the Church • Several political leaders see an opportunity • But also for middle-class people of various jobs to QUESTION the ENTIRE SOCIAL ORDER with religious legitimacy THE REFORMATION BEGINS.

7. THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE EARLY MODERN ERA • Events following the • Protest • Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther • Luther’s books were burned, but only after his idea had spread • Luther who had never intended to start his own church... Found himself and his followers branded as “Lutherans,” part of a larger group known as “Protestants” • A minor academic debate had turned into a MAJOR SPLIT in the Roman Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Empire • The Reformation developed and spread… • Calvinism • Anabaptists • Anglicanism • Reformed Catholicism THE REFORMATION SPREADS.

8. THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE EARLY MODERN ERA • The Protestant Reformation • The Enduring Impact on Society • Protestant Churches flourished • New denominations continued to emerge • All churches put more emphasis on education • Role of women affected • Individual monarchs & states gained power as Catholic church’s moral & political authority declined • Led to the development of modern nation states • Created a new point of conflict between rival European powers & series of religious wars • Led to religious persecution (that would encourage relocation) • The questioning of beliefs and authority laid the groundwork for the Enlightenment And don’t forget the Printing Press! Click here for video clip! THE ENDURING IMPACT

9. THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE EARLY MODERN ERA THE REFORMATION BEGINS.

10. THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE EARLY MODERN ERA How did it lead to the development of modern nation states? Example 1: Henry VIII MODERN NATION STATES DEVELOP.

11. THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE EARLY MODERN ERA How did it lead to the development of modern nation states? Example 1: Henry VIII MODERN NATION STATES DEVELOP.

12. THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE EARLY MODERN ERA • Important • Denominations • John Calvin (French theologian) broke with Church in 1530 • Believed in predestination • Followers in France were called Huguenots • Known for the “Protestant work ethic” – encouraged to work hard and reinvest their profits, prosperity showed their position among he “predestined” • Offshoots of this: Puritans in England What other splinterings are important? Calvinism RELIGIOUS SPLINTERING.

13. THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE EARLY MODERN ERA • The Counter- • Reformation • The Inquisition increased • established in the 12th century to root out and punish non believers and often used torture to achieve its goals • The Jesuits (or Society of Jesus) founded in 1540 and led to missionary activity abroad • The Council of Trent (1545 – 1563): clarified and reaffirmed beliefs and practices • Was it successful? • Could argue yes. Catholicism remained predominant in areas of Western Europe, near Mediterranean Sea. • People in the colonies of these countries would become Catholic. RELIGIOUS SPLINTERING.

14. THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE EARLY MODERN ERA Christianity Outward Bound Christianity motivated European political economic expansion and also benefited from it. Missionaries, mostly Catholic, would actively spread the Christian message beyond European communities in the Americas, Africa, and Asia. Their greatest success was in Spanish colonies and the Philippines. SREADINGCHRISTIANITY.

15. THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE EARLY MODERN ERA • Wars of Religion • Example: Thirty Years’ War (1618 – 1648) • Final “big” religious war between Catholics and Protestants in Europe • Led to economic catastrophe for most of the continent. • Ended with the Peace of Westphalia. Allowed each area of the Holy Roman Empire to select Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, or Calvinism. • France, Spain, and Italy = Catholic • Northern Europe = mostly Lutheran or Calvinist • England was Protestant with a state church (Anglican) • Effect: Allowing the RULERS to choose the denomination had important political effects: • Gave countries more autonomy than before • Prussia (now part of Germany) and Austria began to assert themselves more. As a result of the War, they developed a strong military tradition. RELIGIOUS CONFLICT.

16. THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE EARLY MODERN ERA THEMOST IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENT THE HABIT OF THINKING INDEPENDENTLY OPENED SPACE FOR A NEW DIRECTION IN INTELLECTUAL LIFE RELIGIOUS INDIVIDUALISM

17. THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE EARLY MODERN ERA • The Scientific Revolution • Mid 16th – Mid 18th Centuries • Began examining rules/laws that govern society and the rules of the natural world! • No longer content to turn to religion, speculation of ancient philosophers, or tradition for answers, scientists wanted to know why events happened • Knowledge should be acquired through rational inquiry based on evidence, the PRODUCT OF HUMAN MINDS ALONE • Scientific Method leads to modern science & discoveries that drastically improve human life • When this new way of thinking is applied to society (creating an analysis of the social hierarchies and political systems) will lead to Revolutions A REVOLUTION IN SCIENCE BEGINS.