Building to Revolution

1. Building to Revolution

2. Valuable Colonies • England had a vested interest the colonies • Money • People • Resources • Over 100 years England would make a number of laws in an effort to tie the colonies to England • Not always enforced

3. Political Change • 1685 James II became King of England. • Wanted to take more control over the government, even in colonies. • Believed colonies were too independent • Created Dominion of New England. • Put Sir Edmund Andros in Charge • Angered colonists, Andros limited power of town meetings • James would be forced off the thrown by parliament

4. English Bill of Rights • Reduces the power of the Monarch in 1689 • Increases power with Parliament • Colonists started to value right to elect representatives to decide issues. • Colonies in Dominion formed new assemblies and charters.

5. The Great Awakening • Religious movement that swept through the colonies in the 1730s and 1740s • Revivals • Emotional gatherings where people come together to hear sermons • Effected social and Political life • Created exchange of ideas between colonies as ministers met with each other • Equality preached encouraging political equality • Revivals became popular places to discuss politics

6. Enlightenment • Re-examining the world in which we live • European enlightenment began in 1600s with the scientific revolution. Later scientific revolution principles were applied to society and life. • Enlightenment came to Colonies in 1700s, • Spread of ideas that reason and logic could improve societies • Also changed opinions on government

7. John Locke • Enlightenment thinker who thought people had natural rights to life liberty and equality. • His ideas would have a big impact on development of the build up of revolution and the establishment of a new government.

8. The French and Indian War The Costly War

9. Tensions with Natives • Rapidly growing colonies were taking land from natives • Metacomet, a Wompanoag leader known as king Phillip, opposed colonists • Tension arose creating small war called King Phillips war • War ended with 600 colonists dead and 3,000 Indians • Represents start of major native vs. colonial conflicts.

10. France vs England • Both countries are fighting to control territory in North America. • French control area around Ohio River Valley, for fur trade • The Colonists want to expand into Ohio River Valley • British Military moved in to take over the valley and fighting began • One Group was Lead by a Virginian named George Washington, he brought British troops into the valley to fight the French.

11. Seven Years War • Meanwhile in Europe, a War breaks out in Europe involving England, France, and Spain. • This war would take place in Europe and the New World. • Major turning point would come when British General James Wolfe captures Quebec. • War would continue for 4 more years

12. Treaty of Paris • In 1756 France and England would end the war when they sign the treaty of Paris • Treaty gave Canada to England and all French lands in the new world except islands in Caribbean, also gave England Florida. • Changed balance of power in the New World to England. • Settlers began moving to the newly opened up land. • This war would also be a costly war for England (which will have an impact later.)

13. Pontiac and Proclamation of 1763 • Movement west began to invade native lands. • Indian chiefs began to speak out, including Pontiac, an Ottawa chief, who started a rebellion against British settlement. • Rebellion was stopped but British leaders feared more conflict so King George III issued the Proclamation of 1763 • Law banning settlement west of Appalachian Mountains and upper Ohio River Valley. • Also sent soldiers to guard the border, which cost money

14. Paying for the War • Cost of the French and Indian war was High • Expensive to fight • Expensive to keep protection up • England needed to keep a standing army in the New World • This is Expensive! • Prime Minister George Grenville decided to Tax the Colonists

15. Sugar Act 1764 • Set Duties (taxes on imported goods) on molasses and Sugar imported by the colonists. • First act passed specifically to raise money in colonies • Also cracked down on Smugglers • Strict rules on shipping goods • Documenting All Items on Board • British Navy could search any ship for smuggled goods • Court system changed • Guilty until proven innocent for smuggling

16. Reaction in Colonies • Belief around colonies that Great Britain had no right to tax the colonies without popular consent from colonists

17. Stamp Act of 1765 • Grenville proposed another way to tax colonists • Stamp Act would require all colonists to pay for an official stamp, or seal, on purchased paper items • Newspapers, Legal Documents, Licenses, Pamphlets, Playing Cards, Etc.

18. Reaction • Grenville didn’t think the colonists would protest • Similar taxes standard in England. • Colonists thought differently • Stamp Act was parliaments first attempt to raise money by taxing the colonists directly, rather than imported goods. • Protests began immediately • Secret Society formed: The Sons of Liberty

19. Sons of Liberty • Samuel Adams helped organize the group in Boston • Known to use violence to frighten the tax collectors

20. More Colonists Reaction • Refusal to buy the stamps helped lead colonial courts to shut down • Shop owners and businesses openly refused to buy stamps • Patrick Henry presented a resolution to the Virginia House of Burgesses • Stated that stamp Act violated colonists rights • Helped colonists push for change

21. Stamp Act Congress • In Boston members of the Massachusetts legislature called for a Stamp Act Congress • Delegates from 9 colonies met in New York • Issued Declaration stating stamp act violated colonist rights. • Put pressure on parliament to repeal acts. • Encouraged boycotts

22. Repeal of Stamp Act • London merchants complained that they were losing money. • Parliament repealed the Stamp Act in 1766 • Parliament upset that their authority was challenged • Issued the Declaratory Act

23. Declaratory Act • Parliament has power to make laws for colonies “in all cases whatsoever.” • Took any power colonists had and stripped it away. • Worried the colonists

24. Townsend Acts • June 1767 Parliament passed the Townsend Acts • Placed Duties on Glass, Lead, Paints, Paper, Tea. • Gave officials a Writ of Assistance in tax collecting • Allowed them to search for smuggled goods any time. • Colonists power was again taken away

25. Reaction to Townsend Acts • Boycott of British Goods. • Creation of the Daughters of Liberty • Samuel Adams writes letter arguing the laws violated the colonists rights. • Letter was sent to a number of colonies who joined the protests

26. Capture of The Liberty • Massachusetts tax collectors captured the ship Liberty on Suspicion of Smuggling. • Angered the Owner and Sons of Liberty • Sons of liberty attacked the houses of customs officials • Governor of Massachusetts closed the legislature • Asked for troops to restore order • Soldiers arrived in Oct 1768

27. Boston Massacre • Soldiers were not welcome in Boston • Colonist felt it was a threat • Tensions between colonists and Troops erupted on March 5 1770. • Lone British soldier standing guard got in an argument with a colonists and struck him. • Crowd grew around soldier and he started to be harassed. • Soldiers and citizens started to gather around

28. “Come On You Rascals… Fire if you Dare” • Colonists shouted and threw snowballs. • Suddenly the soldiers started shooting into the crowd • 3 men killed instantly, 2 more would die from wound later.

29. Spreading the Word • Samuel Adams and other protesters started spreading the story. • Propaganda – only giving one side of the story • Name Boston Massacre came from Colonists • Paul Revere created an elaborate print called “The bloody Massacre perpetrated in King Street” • Soldiers would be charged in court calming the people for a bit.

30. Repeal of (Most of) The Townsend Acts • To reduce pressure in the colonies Parliament repealed the Townsend Acts • Except when it came to Tea • Demand for tea in the colonies was high even with boycott. • Black Market was big for tea trade

31. British East India Company • Developed a Solution • Company would sell tea directly to colonists, reducing price of tea. • This would make smuggling stop • Allowing the tax to stay because cost was still low • Parliament agreed and Passed the Tea Act allowing direct trade. • Black Market Smugglers worried they would go out of business

32. Boston Harbor December 1773 • 3 ships arrive full of Tea • Sons of Liberty refuse to let ships dock and stay • Governor wont let ships leave until duty is paid. • Captains of ships forced to wait in Harbor • Dec 16, 1773 • Colonists disguised as Indians sneak onto the three ships and dump 340 tea chests into Boston harbor. • “Boston Harbor is a Teapot Tonight!”

33. Parliament and Lord North • The New prime minister was Lord North • FURIOUS!!!!! • Millions of Dollars destroyed. • Punish Boston! • Passed the Coercive Acts in spring 1774

34. Coercive Intolerable Acts • Closed Boston Harbor until Tea was paid for • Massachusetts charter canceled. All governing under governor. • Royal officials accused of crime send to Britain for trial • This let them face a more friendly jury and judge • Lead to the Quartering Act? • Required colonists to house British Soldiers • Quebec Act • Gave large amount of land to the colony of Quebec. • New Military governor put in charge of Massachusetts • Thomas Gage

35. The Last Straw • The intolerable acts were the last straw. • Particularly the closing of Boston Harbor. • Colonists need to do something to fix the problems • Meeting organized in October 1774 • First Continental Congress

36. First Continental Congress 1774 • Was a Gathering of Colonial leaders who were deeply troubled about the relationship between Great Britain and the Colonies • Representatives from all but 1 colony went • Georgia • Meet at Carpenters Hill in Philadelphia

37. Heated Debate • Many Colonists thought violence was unavoidable • Others were there to preserve peace • New York and Pennsylvania • Created a Compromise • Continue the Boycotts • Prepare colonial Militia for war • Send a Declaration of Rights to King George III • 10 resolutions that stated the colonists rights including “Life liberty, and property”

38. Continental Congress • Did not seek separation from Britain, only wanted a change in the government. • Planned to meet again the next year in case king refused petition. • All delegates were sent back to the colonies to Encourage the people to support the Patriots • Patriots- Colonists who chose to fight for independence from Britain

39. Preparing for War • Local Militias were seen preparing for war • The Governor of Massachusetts, Thomas Gage, learned that weapons were being stored in Concord. • Decided to seize the supplies.

40. Spies • The patriots had a large number of spies and they recognized the British troops preparing for action • Patriots were unsure how the British troops would strike. • Paul Revere and the Sons of Liberty enlisted Robert Newman to Help aid the Militia

41. Two if by Sea • Robert Newman was to watch the surrounding area. If the troops arrived by land he was to put one lantern in the church steeple, if they came across the Charles River, he was to hang 2 lanterns. • Paul Revere and fellow Patriot William Dawes saw two lights shining and rode on horseback out of Boston • Taking two different routes they sounded the Alert.

42. The British are Coming! • Paul Revere would ride over 15 miles sounding the call • Call would bring out the Minute Men of the Local Militias • Minute men were named because they were ready to fight at a minutes notice • When the British would arrive at Lexington the Militia stood ready

43. Lexington • City outside of Concord • 70 Armed Minutemen stood ready and waiting. • Lead by captain John Parker • “Don’t fire unless fired upon!” • When the troops met a shot suddenly rang out • No one knows who fired the shot or which side, but that shot started more shots • Within minutes the battle ended • 8 minutemen died, 10 wounded. • One British soldier was wounded. The troops marched on.

44. Concord • Paul revere never made it to Concord. He was arrested outside the city. • Word had made it by way of Samuel Prescott. • When Redcoats arrived the weapons were already moved or hidden. • British troops frustrated set fire to city • Minute men charged forward in reaction.

45. Second Continental Congress • King George III had refused to address the Declaration of Rights • May 1775 12 delegates met in Philadelphia • Still debating Violence or Peace • Once Again compromise prevailed

46. Declaring Independence • June 1776 the second continental congress met to begin moving towards independence • Created a committee to draft a declaration. • Created the seal for new colony • “E Pluribus Unum – out of many, one”

47. Writing the Declaration • Thomas Jefferson was one of the main writers of the Declaration of Independence • The formal document announcing the colonies break form Great Britain • Declaration would state that King George III was violating the natural rights of life liberty and property. • Colonies have the right to break from England because governments duty is to protect the rights and when they don’t you have the right to change it • This is called the social contract.

48. Turning Point • The early war was not going well for the colonists • Then Washington crosses the Delaware • Leads to 3 major victory for colonists • Moral increased • Proved the Patriots were willing to fight to win • Showed France and Spain the patriots were worth investing in. • Turn the Tides in the War!

49. France and Spain join the fight • Spain and France were looking for revenge following French and Indian war. • Ben Franklin was serving as ambassador to the French and had been trying to get them to help the patriots • The battle at Saratoga finally convinced them to join • King Louis XVI agreed to help and send more guns, soldiers, and his Navy • The French Navy would play a vital role in occupying the British navy.

50. Trap • General Washington recognized this a chance to trap Cornwallis at Yorktown. • Ordered Lafayette to block an escape by land • Combined his troops with French troops and marched his 6,500 men to Virginia to cut of all escape routes • Surrounding his men with 16,000 soldiers • Meanwhile the French navy blocked the British fleet from Chesapeake bay so they couldn’t rescue Cornwallis