Community of Inquiry

1. Community of Inquiry Kyla Driest Amy Thompson NdidiUnaka Amel Mohamed

2. Community of Inquiry (CoI) Group of individuals who engage in critical discourse and reflection in a collaborative manner to construct personal meaning and confirm mutual understanding

3. CoI Framework It is based on the “underlying assumption of the need for sustained, contiguous, two-way communication in higher-level online learning environments”

4. CoI Framework • A process model of learning in online & blended education environment • A collaborative – constructivist view of higher education • Assumes that effective online learning requires the development of a community of learners that supports meaningful inquiry & deep learning

5. CoI Framework Garrison, Anderson, and Archer (2000)

6. Teacher Presence “Design, facilitation, and direction of cognitive and social processes for the purpose of realizing personally meaningful and educationally worthwhile learning outcomes”

7. Teacher Presence Studies have shown that the teacher presence is one of the most influential factors in student ratings of satisfaction and learning.

10. The Norwegian Diamond (VIRTUAL BOOK e-Pedagogy for Teachers in Higher Education)

11. Teacher Presence = facilitating higher orders of thinking

12. Teacher Presence = Promoting the community • The instructor should also work to influence the sense of community • Emphasize freedom of expression • Early introduction between classmates may be particularly important in an online classroom. • Online classrooms may also benefit from a discussion forum that allows for more personal, less classroom oriented discussions.

13. CoI- Discussion forums • Can be a very effective method of instruction • Avoid “serial monologues” if possible • The instructor may need to be more directive; possibly by posing a problem or forcing the learners to come to a unified conclusion.

15. Cognitive Presence Described as “the extent to which the participants in any particular configuration of a community of inquiry are able to construct meaning through sustained communication”

16. The extent to which participants in a CoI are able to construct meaning through sustained reflection and discourse Cognitive Presence

17. Cognitive presence through variable desciplines • Many research articles have compared the social and teaching presences in traditional face to face format versus online environments. • But Arbaugh and colleagues attempted to answer which disciplines may have a higher cognitive presence in an online teaching environment. • They administered a validated 34-item Community of Inquiry Framework survey instrument to online students across 7 discipline categories at 2 American institutions of higher education. • They found that cognitive presence was lower in more quantitative disciplines

18. Academic discipline categories and selected characteristics

19. Cognitive Presence Strategies Used in an Online Course for Doctor-Patient Communication Movies & SP Encounters Online Discussion Reflective Journal & Feedback Short Films

21. Social Presence The ability of participant in a CoI to project themselves socially & emotionally as real people The degree of which participants in a computer-mediated communication feel socially & emotionally connected http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/924/1889

22. A progressive schema was proposed to illus­trate social presence: Social Presence

23. CoI ControversyThe Importance of Social Presence Rourkeand Kanuka (2009) …”students seemed to report instances of surface learning and to associate these more with instructional material rather than sustained interaction with the instructor or other learners” http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/924/1889

24. CoI ControversyThe Importance of Social Presence Some studies suggest: • learners do not attribute much value to the influences of social presence on their education • Effects of social presence on learning may be small

25. Social presence in online learning !! • social presence is of questionable value in the online higher education learning experience because it does not appear to have an important effect on cognitive presence. • Effective online learning: • appropriately structured learning materials, • timely, one-on-one instructor–learner communica­tion • a teaching focus that enhances individual learner attributes and effort

27. Can teaching presence totally replace social presence ? Shea and Bidjerano (2009a • Researchers concluded that good teaching presence is an important compensatory factor in the absence of sustained, contiguous, two-way communication. • However, they did not question to what extent direct instruction can or should be substituted for teaching activities that support social presence (e.g., facilitation of discussion), Further research is needed

28. The End

29. References • Garrison, D. R. (2007). Online community of inquiry review: Social, cognitive, and teaching issues. Journal of asynchronous learning networks, 11 (1), 61-72. Retrieved from http://files.eric.ed.gov.proxy.libraries.uc.edu/fulltext/EJ842688.pdf • Garrison, D. R., Cleveland-Innes, M. (2005) Facilitating cognitive presence in online learning: interaction is not enough. The American Journal of Distance Education. 19 (3), 133-148. Retrieved from http://anitacrawley.net/Articles/GarrisonClevelandInnes2005.pdf. • Garrison, D. R., Cleveland-Innes, M., Fung, T. S. (2010). Exploring causal relationships among teaching, cognitive and social presence: Student perceptions of the community of inquiry framework. The internet and higher education. 13 (1-2), 31-36. Retrieved fromhttp://ac.els-cdn.com/S1096751609000591/1-s2.0-S1096751609000591-main.pdf?_tid=64e8c71c-b23c-11e3-a501-00000aacb35e&acdnat=1395546001_6228b691d1483eaeba4dfa8374e04895 • Nagel, L., Kotze, T. G. (2010). Supersizing e-learning: What a COI survey reveals about teaching presence in a large online class. Internet and Higher Education. 13, 45-51. Retrieved from http://journals.ohiolink.edu.proxy.libraries.uc.edu/ejc/pdf.cgi/Nagel_L.pdf?issn=10967516&issue=v13i1-2&article=45_sewacspialoc