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RABIES

RABIES. RABIES. RABIES. An acute, highly fatal viral disease of the central nervous system, caused by Lyssavirus , Type I . Also known as Hydrophobia. 20,000 Deaths, 17.4 million animal bite cases annually. India accounts for 36% of the Global and 65% of the Asian human rabies deaths.

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RABIES

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  1. RABIES RABIES RABIES

  2. An acute, highly fatal viral disease of the central nervous system, caused by Lyssavirus , Type I. • Also known as Hydrophobia.

  3. 20,000 Deaths, 17.4 million animal bite cases annually. • India accounts for 36% of the Global and 65% of the Asian human rabies deaths.

  4. Epidemiological Determinants

  5. Agent Factors • Causative Agent : Lyssavirus , Type I • Family- Rhabdoviridae • Bullet shaped • Neurotropic RNA Virus • 2 major Ag- G protein & Internal nucleoprotein Ag • G protein- Only Ag capable of inducing the formation of virus neutralizing Abs.

  6. Street Virus- • Virus recovered from naturally occurring cases of rabies • Pathogenic to all mammals & shows a long incubation period(20-60 days)

  7. Fixed Virus – • Serial brain to brain passage of the street virus in rabbits modifies the virus such that its incubation period is progressively reduced until it becomes constant between 4-6 days. • Used in preparation of anti rabies vaccine

  8. Reservoirs of Infection- • Urban Rabies • Wild life Rabies • Bat Rabies

  9. Source of Infection- • Saliva of rabid animals

  10. Host Factors • Rabies in man is a dead end infection

  11. Modes of Transmission- • Animal Bites • Licks • Aerosols • Person to Person

  12. Incubation Period- Highly variable : from 4 days to many years. Commonly 3-8 weeks following exposure.

  13. Pathogenesis • Rabies virus replicates in muscle cells and connective tissue cells at site of injury before it attaches to the nerve endings & enter peripheral nerves • Spreads from the site of infection centripetally via peripheral nerves towards the CNS.

  14. After that the virus spreads centrifugally in peripheral nerves to many tissues including skeletal and myocardial muscle, adrenal glands, salivary glands and skin. • Salivary gland invasion is crucial for transmission of the virus to another animal or human.

  15. CLINICAL FEATURES • Prodromal symptoms • Headache • Malaise • Sore throat • Slight fever • Pain or tingling at the site of the bite (80%)

  16. Sensory • Intolerant to noise and bright light • Aerophobia • Dilatation of pupils • Increase perspiration, salivation and lacrimation • Motor • Increased reflexes and muscle spasm

  17. Mental Changes • Fear of death • Anger • Irritability • Depression • HYDROPHOBIA • Pathognomic of rabies • Absent in animals

  18. DIAGNOSIS • On basis of history and characteristic signs and symptoms • Antigen detection using immunofluorescence of skin biopsy • Virus isolation from saliva and other secretions

  19. TREATMENT – No specific treatment • Isolate in a quite room protected from external stimuli • Relieve anxiety and pain by liberal use of sedatives • Spastic muscular contractions – use drugs with curare like action • Ensure hydration and diuresis • Intensive therapy in the form of respiratory and cardiac support • Precaution of nursing personnel

  20. VACCINE- • Defined as fluid or dried preparation of rabies fixed virus grown in the neural tissues of rabbits, sheep, goats, embryonated duck eggs , in cell cultures and inactivated by suitable method.

  21. Louis Pasteur developed the 1st vaccine (neural tissue) against Rabies in 1885. • First cell culture vaccine was developed by T J Wiktor and H Koprowsky in 1965.

  22. Types- • NTV : Govt. of India has stopped producing since 2004 • Duck Embryo vaccine • Cell Culture vaccine- Human diploid cell vaccine and 2nd generation tissue culture vaccine(PCECV )

  23. Anti Rabies Serum • ERIG • HRIG

  24. Prevention of Rabies

  25. Post Exposure Prophylaxis • Cleansing • Chemical treatment • Suturing • Anti rabies Serum • Antibiotics & anti tetanus measures • Observe the animal for 10 days • Vaccine Administration

  26. Essen Regimen • Intramuscular Schedule • Days: 0,3,7,14,28 and booster on 90. • Dose: 1 or 0.5 ml into deltoid

  27. Thai Red Cross Regimen • 2 site intra dermal schedule • (2-2-2-0-1-1) • Days: 0,3 ,7,28,90 • Dose(one id dose):1/5th of i/m dose/site

  28. Updated Thai Red Cross Regimen The dose to be given on 90th day is given on 28th day itself.

  29. 8 Site intra demal regimen (8-0-4-0-1-1) • Deltoid, lateral thigh, supra scapular region, lower quadrant of abdomen

  30. Pre –Exposure Prophylaxis • Indications- • Laboratory staff working with rabies virus • Veterinarians • Animal Handlers • Wild life exposure

  31. Dose : 1 ml i/m or 0.1 ml i/d on day 0, 7 and 28 Booster doses at intervals of 2 years.

  32. Post–exposure treatment of previously vaccinated • If Abtitre is unknown or bite is severe ,then 3 doses on day 0,3 and 7. • If titre >0.5 IU/ml and bite is not severe only 2 doses needed on day 0 and 3

  33. References • Park’s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 21st edition • www.apcri.org

  34. Thank you

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