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Impressionism. Setting the Stage: The Aesthetic, Historical & Political Backgrounds . The Luxembourg Palace was modeled after Palazzo Pitti in Florence at the request of Marie de Médicis.
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Impressionism Setting the Stage: The Aesthetic, Historical & Political Backgrounds \
The Luxembourg Palace was modeled after Palazzo Pitti in Florence at the request of Marie de Médicis.
In 1750, the palace became a museum—the forerunner of the Louvre—, and was open two days a week until 1779.In 1778, the palace was given to the comte de Provence by his brother Louis XVI. During the French Revolution, it was briefly a prison, then the seat of the French Directory and later the first residence of Napoleon Bonaparte, as First Consul of the French Republic. Its 1st designation as a musuem for the works of living artists came under Louis XVIII in 1818. In the nineteenth century, the palace was extensively remodeled, with a new garden façade.
French History Review • By late 1600s France dominated Europe • Louis XIV (the “Sun King”)-Versailles • Louis XV • Louis XVI • 1789-99 French Revolution, reign of terror • 1800-1814 Napoleon Bonaparte; emperor 1804, conquered most of Europe, until Russian campaign • 1814 Austrian & Prussian forces seized Paris & Napoleon was exiled • 1815 Napoleon returned for the 100 Days war which ended in his defeat at Waterloo; Monarchy restored
After Napoleon’s defeat at 1815 Waterloo: Napoleonic French Empire was divided between England & Prussia [Germany].Remaking Europe- France Now a nation in decline: The end of French greatness as seen under Emperor Napoleon I. France needed after this to redefine itself 1814-24 Bourbon Restoration under Louis XVIII 1824-30 Bourbon restoration under Charles X [brother of above] ruled as an absolute monarch to restore Catholic Chruch 1830 July Revolution – 3 Glorious Days: July 27, 28, 29 1830-48 Louis-Philippe ruled as King of the French [favored wealthy bourgeoisie] The Emperor Napoleon at Waterloo
France in the 19th Century • 1830-48: July Monarchy (Orleanists) • 1848: Revolution • 1848-52: Second Republic • 1852-70: Second Empire (Napoleon III) • 1870-1940: Third Republic • 1871: Paris Commune
A Century of Political Conflict Three “revolutions” in 40 years: 1830, 1848, and 1870-71 A multi-dimensional struggle between two parties of royalists (Legitimists and Orleanists), moderate and radical republicans, Bonapartists, and socialists
Economic and Social Changes • Industrialization, but less pronounced than in England • Urbanization: growth of cities and towns • Migration from villages to cities and towns • Declining birth rate, i.e., slower population growth than in Britain and in German states • Despite these changes, most French people were poor, barely literate peasants living in the countryside where the priest and the landlord were important figures. However, elementary education did expand significantly in this period
France in International Affairs • Small, scattered empire: • 1830: Algeria; • 1854-55: Crimean War • 1859-60: Italian War • Mexican fiasco, 1864-67 • 1870: Franco-Prussian War • 1870s and 1880s: Tahiti; Southeast Asia; North and West Africa
July Monarchy, 1830-48 • The Orleanist king, Louis-Philippe, replaced the reactionary Bourbon king, Charles X(1824-30) who replaced Louis XVIII (1814-24). • This regime was considered liberal, but hostile to Legitimists, republicans, and workers. • It favored the bourgeoisie, capitalism, and laissez-faire economics. • It had a two-house legislature, but voting rights required ownership of substantial property. • Republicans agitated for greater freedom of the press and for an extension of the right to vote. • Hero-worship of Napoleon I during this period- reburial in France
Revolution of 1848 and Second Republic, 1848-1852 • February Days: Louis-Philippe abdicated; universal male suffrage and 2nd Republic proclaimed • June Days: brutal repression of workers protest against closing of national workshops in Paris • Election of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, December 1848 • Legislative elections of 1849: return of “spectre rouge” • Coup d’etat of 1851
Second Empire, 1852-70 • Constitutional reform: Legislative Body and Senate replaced Legislative Assembly • Voting rights restricted by residence requirements • Censorship • Plebiscites • Adolphe Thiers: “essential liberties”
Second Empire, 1852-70, cont’d • Napoleon III’s ambiguous record on labor • Author of On the Extinction of Pauperism • Sponsored French delegation to international workers congress in London in 1864 • Permitted workers to strike but prohibited labor unions • Rebuilding of Paris: destruction of old quartiers; construction of broad avenues connecting large public monuments
Second Empire, 1852-70, cont’d • “Liberal Empire” 1860-1870 • Gave more power to the legislature • Loosened censorship • Allowed freer elections • Signed Cobden-Chevalier commercial treaty with Britain lowering duties on imports from each country, opening French industry to competition • Did not satisfy royalists or republicans
Franco-Prussian War, 1870 • Hohenzollern (i.e., German) candidacy to the Spanish throne • Ems telegram • Rapid defeat of the French; siege of Paris • Capture of Napoleon III at Sedan • Proclamation of a Third Republic in France • Otto von Bismarck imposes harsh terms
Franco-Prussian War, cont’d • Terms of the armistice • Loss of Alsace-Lorraine • Large indemnity- 5 billion francs • Occupation of France by German troops • Entrance of Prussian troops into French capital • Election of a national assembly in France • Napoleon III in exile in England; dies there 1873
Paris Commune, Spring 1871 • A civil war in France: Versailles against Paris • Defense of Paris: “guns of Montmartre” • A democratic municipal government • With a reputation for socialism • Atrocities on both sides: execution of the Archbishop of Paris; the “Wall of the Federalists” at Père Lachaise cemetery
The Third Republic, 1870-1940 • Adolphe Thiers, “Chief of the Executive Power” • A national assembly with a monarchist majority • Orleanists and moderate republicans reach a compromise • A conservative republic
PARIS: Before 1850 • Paris was still partly a medieval town, partly classical • Streets were narrow & twisting • Houses made of wood • Water & sewage was inadequate • Population grew rapidly: 1 million in 1836 & 1.5 million by 1856 • Progress was difficult b/c battle against t.b. & cholera • Decrepit infrastructure
Various photos bearing the names of streetsA few snapshots of Paris before Haussmann Rue du Jardinet, 1865 Rue Basse-des-Ursins, Île de la Cité, 1865
Barricade on the rue Soufflot,an 1848 painting by Horace Vernet. The Panthéon is shown in the background. Family on the barricades (February 1848) by Honoré Daumier
Changes in 1852 • Napoleonic coup d’etat • Emperor Napoleon III (1852-70) announces: • 1. Massive public works project • 2. Baron Georges Haussmann –city superintendent (Prefect of the Seine) • 3. New water & sewer systems • 4. Cutting of new boulevards • 5. Installed street lighting • 6. Creation of parks & transportation hubs • 7. Building new residential & commercial structures
The Sewers. Photograph by Félix Nadar (1864/1865) The majority of these sunless passages still, in 1848, as in Medieval times, depended on streams in the gutters to carry rain, the dregs of stagnant water and garbage, raw sewerage and all other miasmic accumulations to the nearest, hopelessly inadequate underground sewer. More than a quarter of the city's streets had no water conduits. Rain caused the streets' gutters to overflow into ground level buildings, courtyards and cellars. Small wonder that Paris had the highest death rate in the country. Only one house in five had iron pipes and running water and this luxury, limited to the ground floor, seldom produced clean drinking water. Only the upper economic groups could afford to have drinking water delivered. Along with countless rats, fleas and the diseases they carried, the cholera epidemic also came from the streets. Between 1848 and 1849 cholera killed more than 19,000 Parisians. Without doubt, in 1848, Paris was one of the filthiest, most pestilential and savagely overcrowded cities in the world, and the streets were a major part of the problem. But even though successive administrations had made efforts to build a new street here, enlarge a passageway there, and carve out a few new promenades, it was obvious that given the city's rate of growth, the streets would only become worse. When Napoleon III drew the plan for his rebuilding of the city, he planned his boulevards straight through these streets, alleys and lanes.
http://www.paris-architecture.info/PA-082.htm The Île de la Cité transformed by Haussmann: new transverse streets (red), public spaces (light blue) and buildings (dark blue).In the middle of the nineteenth century, the centre of Paris had the same structure as it did in the Middle Ages. The narrow interweaving streets and cramped buildings impeded the flow of traffic, resulting in unhealthy conditions[1] that were denounced by the first hygiene scientists.[citation needed]
To create adequate traffic circulation, old streets were widened and new ones cut The great railway stations were placed in a circle outside the old city and provided with broad approaches. For the enhancement of monuments, open spaces and vistas were contrived, including the Place de l'Opéra, the Étoile, and the Place de la Nation, which became focusing points for radiating avenues. The Bois de Boulogne was laid out, as well as a number of smaller parks.
Napoleon III, also called (until 1852) Louis-Napoléon, in full Charles-Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (born April 20, 1808, Paris—died Jan. 9, 1873, Chislehurst, Kent, Eng.), nephew of Napoleon I, president of the Second Republic of France (1850–52), and then emperor of the French (1852–70). He gave his country two decades of prosperity under a stable, authoritarian government but finally led it to defeat in the Franco-German War (1870–71). Youth in exile He was the third son of Napoleon I’s brother Louis Bonaparte, who was king of Holland from 1806 to 1810, and his wife, Hortense de Beauharnais Bonaparte, stepdaughter of Napoleon I. Louis-Napoléon’s childhood and youth were spent largely in exile. His mother, like all the Bonapartes, was banished from France in 1815 after the fall of Napoleon I. Eventually, she found a new home in Switzerland, where, in 1817, she bought the castle of Arenenberg. Of romantic disposition herself, she inspired young Louis-Napoléon with a longing for his lost fatherland, as well as with enthusiastic admiration of the genius of Napoleon I. After attending a grammar school at Augsburg, Ger. (1821–23), her “sweet stubborn boy” was taught by private tutors. During visits to relatives in southern Germany and Italy, he became acquainted not only with other exiled victims of the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy but also with the life of a suppressed people, such as those Italians who were living under Austrian and papal rule. He was, above all, interested in history and inspired by the idea of national liberty. Accordingly, he took part in an unsuccessful plot against the papal government in Rome in 1830 and in the rebellion in central Italy in 1831, in which his beloved brother perished. He himself was saved from the Austrian troops only by his mother’s bold intervention. Under brochure on table entitled A la France lies “Plan de Paris” as emperor’s handiwork Hippolyte Flandrin. Napoleon III, 1860-61
Second Empire Improvements • Improves health problems & movement • Secures popular consent & obedience to an undemocratic rule • Public works projects provide jobs for thousands of people • Urban renewal broke up the radical communities that existed in the working class areas • Obviously were a strategic & economic endeavor
Industry & New Transportation • French Quest for National Unity & Validity • Universal Exhibitions - showcase of French Achievements • 1855, 1867, 1878, 1889, 1900 • Railroads • The Gare Saint-Lazare • The Gare du Nord • The Gare de l”est • The Gare de Lyon
Plan for the Modernization of Paris, (Baron) Georges Eugene Haussmann, planner; Louis-Napoleon (Napoleon III), patron, 1853-70 http://vodpod.com/watch/3585884-enter-manets-paris http://www.flickr.com/photos/26095468@N04/5165701789/
Rue de Rivoli, Paris, (Charles Percier and Pierre-Louis Fontaine, architects), c. 1802-25 <1870
Corner of Avenue Rapp and Rue Saint-Dominique, 1877 Double lantern lamppost. This photo is symbolic. The lamppost divides the landscape in half. On the right, Paris before 1853, with its dilapidated houses, and on the left, new Haussmannian cut-stone buildings with ornate balconies.
“ “Medieval” Street before Haussmannization, Paris, c. 1840s Medieval” Street before Haussmannization, Paris, c. 1840s Streetlife in “medieval” street before Haussmannization, Paris, c. 1840s
Rue Champlain, 1858This street, which no longer exists, depicts what was once Little Poland and so many other poverty-stricken Paris neighborhoods in the 1850s.
Avenue de l'Opéra, 1877Avenue de l’Opéra was built between 1864 and 1876. As a result, historic Paris districts Butte Saint-Roch and Butte des Moulins disappeared in 1875. The comparison between the photo taken from the roof of the opera house and the etching of the completed square and avenue provides a means of measuring the extent of the work.
Place du Carrousel, 1865Excavation of the street and the blind alley known as Impasse du Doyenné. The Royal Palace can be seen in the background.
Rue de Rivoli, 1877View from Caserne Napoléon. On the left, scaffolding can be seen around the city hall being rebuilt after Paris Commune insurgents had ransacked it and set it on fire.
Various photos bearing the names of streetsA few snapshots of Paris before Haussmann Rue du Jardinet, 1865 Rue Basse-des-Ursins, Île de la Cité, 1865
Corner of Rue de la Colombe and Rue Basse-des-Ursins, Île de la Cité Rue Fresnel, Left Bank, 1865
