1910 -1919 F ACTS about this decade.

2. 1910  -1919FACTS about this decade.  • Population:  92,407,000 • Life Expectancy:  Male 48.4   Female: 51.8 • Average Salary  $750 / year • Unemployed 2,150,000 • National Debt:  $1.15 billion • Union Membership: 2.1 million Strikes 1,204 Attendance:  Movies 30 million per week • Divorce:  1/1000 • Vacation:  12 day cruise  $60 • Milk $.32 / gallon

3. Progressive EraChapter 13 “A great democracy has got to be progressive, or it will soon cease to be either great or a democracy.” --Theodore Roosevelt

4. A. WHAT WAS PROGRESSIVISM? • POLITICAL, SOCIAL, & ECONOMIC MOVEMENT TO IMPROVE LIFE AT THE TURN OF THE 20TH CENTURY. • DEFINED AS THE BEGINNING OF MODERN “LIBERALISM”.

5. B. LIBERALS/PROGRESSIVES BELIEVED: • THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD BE MORE ACTIVE • SOCIAL PROBLEMS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED THROUGH GOVERNMENT LEGISLATION • PUBLIC FUNDS SHOULD BE USED TO ADDRESS SOCIAL PROBLEMS

6. C. WHO WERE THE PROGRESSIVES? • Small business owners • Teachers & social workers • Reform-minded politicians • The majority were from the well educated urban middle class

7. D. Who Where the 3 Progressive Presidents? • 1901-1909 • Republican Theodore Roosevelt • 1909-1913 • Republican William Taft • 1913-1921 • Democrat Woodrow Wilson

8. THEODORE ROOSEVELT REPUBLICAN Twenty-Sixth President1901-1909 WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT REPUBLICAN Twenty-Seventh President1909-1913 WOODROW WILSON DEMOCRAT Twenty-Eighth President1913-1921

9. E. ROLE OF SETTLEMENT HOUSES: • Settlement house movement began in the late 1880’s and lasted up through the Great Depression of the 1930’s. • Middle-Class educated women and men volunteers lived and worked in settlement houses. • Settlement houses were often converted residential buildings in poor urban neighborhoods. By 1910 there were over 400 settlement houses in the U.S.

10. The goal was to improve the lives of poor families by providing amenities and services that were not provided by government. • They offered clubs, classes, social gatherings, playgrounds, arts programs, sports and summer camps, clean milk stations, well-baby clinics and other innovative programs. • Settlement workers saw their mission as social reform. The settlement houses became laboratories for developing new techniques and offering training in the new field of social work.

11. F. PROBLEMS IN THE NEW CITIES: • Poor sanitation, backed up sewers, crowded poorly ventilated apartments led to the rapid spread of disease

12. Tuberculosis was the most dreaded illness known to mankind. It was also known as "TB" or the "White Plague.” As the disease worsened, its victims became pale in skin color, hence the term. It spread from person to person by the inhalation of airborne germs from coughs or sneezes. At that time, there was no cure and its victims often died.

14. Major Problems of the US Cities: • 1. Political corruption • 2. Trusts • 3. Exploitation of labor & markets • 4. Child Labor • 5. Wasting of natural resources • 6. Slums & tenement houses • 7. Massive Immigration • 8. Disgusting, unsanitary conditions leading to Cholera

16. G. THE ROLE OF THE MEDIA: • Brought problems to the public attention • Became known as muckrakers: group of journalists who investigated social conditions and political corruption

17. THE MUCKRAKERS Lincoln Steffins Upton Sinclair Jacob Riis Ida Tarbell

18. Ray Stanndard Baker Frank Norris Lewis Hine John Spargo

19. Upton Sinclair: Author of The Jungle • Wrote of his observations of the slaughterhouses of Chicago • Book became a best seller • Resulted with the passage of the Meat Inspection Act

20. UPTON SINCLAIR

21. IDA TARBELL Miss Tarbell, in her book, revealed after years of diligent research the illegal means used by John D. Rockefeller to monopolize the early oil industry

22. Jacob Riis: Author of How the Other Half Lives • Described poverty, disease, and crime of the neighborhoods of New York City • Ray S. Baker: Jim Crow laws • Ida B. Wells: Lynching & • Poverty of African Americans

23. John Spargo: Wrote about child labor • Lewis Hine: Photographed child labor

28. MUNICIPAL REFORM BEGINS • THE NATIONAL MUNICIPAL LEAGUE WAS FORMED IN 1894 ( TODAY IT IS KNOWN AS THE NATIONAL CIVIC LEAGUE ). • ITS STATED GOAL WAS TO CHANGE THE FAILING AND CORRUPT LOCAL GOVERNMENTS USING DIRECT DEMOCRACY TOOLS. • IT BECAME AN IMPORTANT NETWORKING VEHICLE FOR PROGRESSIVES AROUND THE NATION.

29. National Municipal League: • Used direct democracy to end privately ownership of crooked gas and water monopolies • Founded the commission form of government and council-mayor form of government

30. GALVESTON TEXAS: REFORM COMES FROM DISASTER In September 1900 a hurricane slammed into Galveston almost head on. Waves were higher than 15 feet and winds howled at 130 miles per hour. By the time the storm passed, more than 8,000 people were dead, countless were injured and half of the island's homes had been swept away.

32. Major Disasters: • Galveston,TX: Hurricane (1900) • Developed commission form of government • Dayton,OH: Flood • Began the hiring of experts

33. CITY MANAGER FORM OF CITY GOVERNMENT GAINS POPULARITY AFTER FLOODS IN DAYTON OHIO IN 1913. A COLLEGE EDUCATED HIGHLY PAID PROFESSIONAL IS HIRED TO RUN THE CITY THIS LOWERS THE THE RISK OF CORRUPTION.

34. Robert La Follette’s Contributions: • Nicknamed “Fighting Bob” • Made his state known as “the laboratory of democracy” because of his efforts for a direct primary, initiative, referendum, and recall

36. MAJOR REFORMS AT THE STATE LEVEL • SECRET BALLOT: NO ONE CAN KNOW HOW A CITIZEN VOTED • INITIATIVE: THIS ALLOWED THE VOTING PUBLIC TO PETITION STATE GOVERNMENTS TO CONSIDER BILLS WANTED BY THE PEOPLE • REFERENDUM: GAVE THE VOTERS THE RIGHT TO DECIDE IF A PROPOSED STATE LAW SHOULD BE PASSED • RECALL: VOTERS HAVE THE RIGHT TO REMOVE ELECTED REPRESENTATIVES FROM OFFICE • DIRECT PRIMARY: CANDIDATES FOR OFFICE ARE CHOSEN BY THE VOTERS INSTEAD OF POLITICIANS OR BOSSES

37. "When I say I believe in a square deal I do not mean . . . to give every man the best hand. If the cards do not come to any man, or if they do come, and he has not got the power to play them, that is his affair. All I mean is that there shall be no crookedness in the dealing." TR’S PROGRESSIVE AGENDA THE “SQUARE DEAL”

38. I. THEME OF ROOSEVELT’S SQUARE DEAL: • Everyone gets an equal opportunity to maintain an efficient society that could compete successfully against other nations • Philosophy: • Big Business-trustbusting and regulation of business • Labor- Arbitration rights, conservation, military prepardedness

39. Newlands Act: provided more irrigation projects for land for farming to relief congestion in cities • Coal Strike of 1902: Get workers and owners to compromise so each took less than they wanted and people got their coal

40. TR AND MINE WORKERS, 1902

41. Elkins Act: forbid the RRs to give kickbacks to “good” customers and enlarged the Interstate Commerce Commission • Hepburn Act: Intended to strengthen the ICC and set RR rates

42. WHAT DID TR DO TO BREAK UP THE TRUSTS? TR DID NOT EQUATE “BIGNESS” WITH “BADNESS”. HE BELIEVED THAT THERE WERE “BAD TRUSTS” THAT NEEDED TO BE BROKEN UP. BUT THERE WERE “GOOD TRUSTS” THAT ACTUALLY BENEFITED THE CONSUMER AND SHOULD BE LEFT ALONE.

44. Pure Food and Drug Act: Prevented manufactures from misrepresenting food • Example: mislabeling food and/or drugs • Meat Inspection Act: Require the US government to inspect meat and set standards of cleanliness in meatpacking factories

47. J. WHY CONSERVATION NEEDED SO BADLY? • Only 20% of US forest were left • Overused farmland • Industry damaged the environment

49. Roosevelt’s Conservation Accomplishments: • 150 National Forest • 4 National game preserves • 51 federal bird reserves • 5 National Parks • 18 National monuments • 24 Reclamation projects • Placed 230 million acres of land under public protection