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Chapter Thirteen

Chapter Thirteen. Endocrine System. Functions. Growth and development Homeostasis (the internal balance of body systems) Metabolism (body energy levels) Reproduction Response to stimuli (stress and/or injury). Hormones – “Messengers”. What is a hormone?

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Chapter Thirteen

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  1. Chapter Thirteen Endocrine System

  2. Functions • Growth and development • Homeostasis (the internal balance of body systems) • Metabolism (body energy levels) • Reproduction • Response to stimuli (stress and/or injury)

  3. Hormones – “Messengers” • What is a hormone? • chemical transmitter that is transported via the bloodstream to a target organ or other cells • In Greek it means…. • to excite or to urge on.

  4. Hormones - Communicators Communicators – secretion Hypersecretion – too much Or Hyposecretion – too little of specific hormones can cause or be associated with conditions

  5. Top of the network

  6. Hypothalamus – “Governor” • Primary link between endocrine system and nervous system • The hypothalamus is highly involved in pituitary gland function. • When it receives a signal from the nervous system, the hypothalamus secretes substances known as neurohormones that start and stop the secretion of pituitary hormones.

  7. Name Primary Endocrine Glands • Pituitary Gland (hypophysis)- called the Master Gland • Anterior lobe • Posterior lobe • Pineal Gland • Thyroid Gland • Parathyroid Gland • Pancreas (islets of Langerhans) • Adrenals Gland (supraenals) • Adrenal Cortex • Adrenal Medulla • Ovaries • Testes

  8. Pituitary Gland/Hypophysis“Master Gland” GH- Growth ACTH - Andrenocortiocotropin TSH-Thyroid FSH- Follicle LH - Luteinizing PRL - Prolactin MSH- Melanocyte ADH- Antidiuretic (vasopressin [VP]) Oxytocin • Anterior lobe/adenohypophysis(aden/o, hypophys/o) • Posterior lobe/neurohypophysis(neur/o, hypophys/o)

  9. Pineal Gland • Located near the hypothalamus • Secretion of melatonin and serotonin

  10. Thyroid Gland • Located in the neck • Regulation of metabolism • Control of calcium deposited in bones • Hormones • Thyroxine (T4) • Triodothyronine (T3) • Calcitonin

  11. Parathyroid Glands • Located on dorsal surface of thyroid • Regulate calcium in the bloodstream • Parathyroid hormone • (PTH)

  12. Pancreas • Exocrine function (into a duct system or cavity) • Release digestive enzymes • Endocrine function (into the blood system) • Regulate glucose in blood • Islets of Langerhans • Glucagon- breakdown of glycogen to glucose • Insulin – maintains normal blood sugar • Somatostatin- suppresses the release of glucagon and insulin

  13. Pancreas

  14. Adrenal Glands/Suprarenals • Located on top of each kidney • Adrenal cortex • Cortisol • Corticosterone • Aldosterone • Testosterone • Androsterone • Adrenal medulla • Dopamine, • Epinephrine (adrenaline) • Norepinephrine (nonadrenaline)

  15. Ovaries and Testes • Ovaries -located in pelvic cavity on each side of uterus • Estrogens (estradiol, estrone, and estriol) • Progesterone • Testes – located in scrotum • Testosterone

  16. Thymus Gland • The thymus gland, located behind your sternum and between your lungs, is only active until puberty. • After puberty, the thymus starts to slowly shrink and become replaced by fat. • Thymosin promotes maturation of T Lymphocytes • Thymopoietin – influences the production

  17. Dia- Eu- Endo- Ex- Exo- Hypo- Pro- Hydro- Endo- Hyper- Para- Prefixes Challenge • Through, between, complete • Good, normal • Within, inner, • Out, away from • Out, away from • Below, under, deficient • Before, in front of • Water • Within, inner • Above, under deficient • Beside, along side, abnormal

  18. Combining Forms- page 447 • aden/o • adren/o • crin/o • estr/o • gluc/o, glyc/o • galact/o • ger/o • gonad/o • hirsut/o • kal/I • myx/o • pancreat/o • somat/o • thyr/o, thyroid/o • parathyroid/o • calc/o • thym/o • trop/o

  19. Goiter – Thyroid • The term “goiter” simply refers to the abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland. • One cause is iodine deficiency • The gland cannot make enough thyroid hormone if it does not have enough iodine, which can lead to hypothyroid.

  20. Adrenal Gland Disorders • Addison disease • Hyposecretion of cortisol • Cushing disease • Hypersecretion of cortisol Cushing disease

  21. Diabetes Mellitus • With diabetes mellitus, either your body doesn't make enough insulin, it can't use the insulin it does produce, or a combination of both. • Dia – through • -betes – to go • Experience polyuria • They will become increasingly thirsty, polydipsia • Polyphagia • Lethargy

  22. Name one disease • Name one disease due to • Hypersecretion • Hypersecretion

  23. Signs and Symptoms of Endocrine Disorders • Hypo • Hyper • Para -Kalemia -Thyroidism -Gonadism -Physis -Thyroidism -Insulinism -Cortisone

  24. Excisions • Adrenalectomy • Hypophysectomy • Parathyroidectomy • Thyroidectomy Hypophysectomy

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