AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

1. AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Answer the following questions on a sheet of paper by matching the term with the correct definition/description. Check your answers by the final slide. EARTH’S INTERDEPENDENT SYSTEMS AP EXAM VOCABULARY REVIEW

2. Questions 1-6: A. abiotic D. A horizon B. acid E. alkaline C. air mass F. aquifer 1. any compound that releases hydrogen ions when dissolved in water 2. related to factors or things that are separate and independent from living things; nonliving 3. underground layer of porous rock, sand, or other material that allows movement of water between layers of nonporous rock or clay 4. formed of weathered rock, with some organic material; often referred to as topsoil 5. enormous bodies of air that move as a unit 6. substance that absorbs hydrogen ions or releases hydroxyl ions

3. Questions 7 – 12: A. arable D. barrier island B. asthenosphere E. biological weathering C. atmosphere F. biotic 7. any weathering that’s caused by the activities of living organisms 8. land that’s fit to be cultivated 9. gaseous mass or envelope surrounding a celestial body 10. living or derived from living things 11. long, narrow island running parallel to mainland built by action of waves and currents 12. part of mantle that lies just below the lithosphere

4. Questions 13- 18: A. B horizon D. clay B. chemical weathering E. climate C. C horizon F. conduction 13. finest soil, made up of particles that are less than 0.002 mm in diameter 14. transfer of something through a medium or passage without perceptible motion of the medium itself 15. receives minerals and organic materials that are leached out of A horizon 16. weather conditions, temperature & precipitation, that remain constant over 30 years or more 17. made up of larger pieces of rock that have not undergone much weathering 18. result of chemical interaction with bedrock; typical of action of both water and atmospheric gases

5. Questions 19 – 24: A. convection D. coral reef B. convection currents E. Coriolis effect C. convergent boundary F. crop rotation 19. vertical movement of a mass of matter because of heating & cooling 20. practice of alternating crops grown on a piece of land to replenish soil nutrients 21. plate boundary where 2 plates are moving toward each other 22. air current caused by vertical movement of air due to atmospheric heating & cooling 23. erosion resistant marine ridge consisting of compacted coral together with algal material & biochemically deposited magneisum and calcium carobnate 24. deflection of an object moving above the earth, rightward in the Northern Hemisphere and leftward in Southern Hemisphere

6. Questions 25- 30: A. delta D. drip irrigation B. divergent boundary E. earthquake C. doldrums F. El Nino 25. climate variation that takes place in tropical Pacific about every 3 to 7 years for duration of about 1 year 26. region of ocean near equator, characterized by calms, light winds, or squalls 27. usually triangular alluvial deposit at mouth of river 28. result of vibrations that release energy from within earth 29. plate boundary where plates are moving away from each other 30. method of supplying water through tubes that literally drip water onto soil at base of each plant

7. Questions 31-36: A. erosion D. Green Revolution B. estuary E. greenhouse effect C. fault F. Hadley cell 31. phenomenon whereby earth’s atmosphere traps solar radiation caused by presence of atmospheric gases such as CO2, water vapor, and methane 32. place where 2 plates lie beside each other 33. system of vertical & horizontal air circulation that creates major weather patterns, mostly in tropical & subtropical regions 34. part of wide lower course of river where its current is met by tides 35. process of soil particles being carried away by wind or water 36. time after Industrial Revolution when farming became mechanized and crop yields in industrialized nations boomed as farmers began using large amounts of chemical fertilizers and pesticides

8. Questions 37 – 42: A. headwaters D. horizon B. humus E. hurricane C. inner core F. insolation 37. molten core of earth 38. layer of soil 39. severe tropical storm originating in equatorial regions of Atlantic Ocean or Caribbean Sea or eastern regions of Pacific Ocean, that travels north, northwest, or northeast from its point of origin; involves high speed winds and heavy rains 40. water from which a river rises; a source 41. delivery rate of solar radiation per unit of horizontal surface 42. dark, crumbly, nutrient rich material that results from decomposition of organic material

9. Questions 43 – 48: A. jet stream D. land degradation B. La Nina E. lithosphere C. loamy F. mantle 43. outer part of earth, consists of crust and upper mantle, about 100 km (62 miles) thick 44. deterioration of land quality caused by exploitation 45. layer of earth between crust and core 46. cooling of ocean surface off western coast of South America, occurring periodically every 4 to 12 years & affecting Pacific & other weather patterns 47. high-speed, meandering wind current, generally moving from a westerly direction at speeds often exceeding 400 km (250 miles) per hour at altitudes of 15 to 25 km (10 – 15 miles) 48. soil composed of a mixture of sand, clay, silt, and organic matter

10. Questions 49 – 54: A. monoculture D. monsoon B. O horizon E. plate boundaries C. physical (mechanical) F. prior appropriation weathering 49. process that breaks rock down into smaller pieces without changing the chemistry of the rock 50. cultivation of a single crop on a farm 51. wind system that influences large climatic regions & reverses direction seasonally 52. upper most layer of soil; made up of organic materials 53. when water rights are given to those who have historically used the water in a certain area 54. edges of tectonic plates

11. Questions 55- 60: A. rain shadow effect D. red tide B. R horizon E. riparian right C. salinization F. sand 55. coarsest soil, with particles 0.05 – 2.0 mm in diameter 56. low-rainfall region that exists on leeward side of a mountain range 57. right, as to fishing or to use of riverbed, of one who owns the land adjacent to a river or stream 58. bedrock, lies below all other layers of soil 59. bloom of dinoflagellates that causes reddish discoloration of coastal ocean waters; can produce toxins that kill fish & contaminate shellfish 60. when soil becomes waterlogged from excess irrigation & then dries out forming layer of salt crystals on surface

12. Questions 61 – 66: A. silt D. Southern Oscillation B. subduction zone E. thermocline C. thermosphere F. topsoil 61. name for A horizon of soil 62. atmospheric pressure conditions corresponding to the periodic warming of El Nino & cooling of La Nina 63. soil with particles 0.02 – 0.05 mm in diameter 64. layer in large body of water that sharply separates regions differing in temperature, so that the temperature gradient across the layer is abrupt 65. outermost shell of atmosphere, temperatures increase steadily with altitude 66. sites at which an oceanic plate is sliding under a continental plate

13. Questions 67 – 72: A. trade winds D. transform boundary B. tropical storm E. upwelling C. volcanoes F. watershed 67. opening in earth’s crust through which molten lava, ash, & gases are ejected 68. region draining into a river system or other body of water 69. more or less constant winds blowing in horizontal directions over earth’s surface 70. process in which cold, often nutrient-rich, waters from ocean depths rise to surface 71. area where plates are moving/sliding past each other 72. cyclonic storm having winds ranging from approximately 48 – 121 km (30 – 75 miles) per hour

14. Questions 73 – 77: A. water-scarce D. wetlands B. water-stressed E. weather C. weathering 73. lowland area saturated with moisture such as a marsh or swamp 74. countries that have a renewable annual water supply of less than 1,000 m3 per person 75. gradual breakdown of rock into smaller and smaller particles, caused by natural chemical, physical, and biological factors 76. countries that have a renewable annual water supply of about 1,000 – 2,000 m3 per person 77. day to day variations in temperature, air pressure, wind, humidity, & precipitation mediated by atmosphere in a given region

15. ANSWERS 1. B 15. A 29. B 43. E 57. E 71. D 2. A 16. E 30. D 44. D 58. B 72. B 3. F 17. C 31. E 45. F 59. D 73. D 4. D 18. B 32. C 46. B 60. C 74. A 5. C 19. A 33. F 47. A 61. F 75. C 6. E 20. F 34. B 48. C 62. D 76. B 7. E 21. C 35. A 49. C 63. A 77. E 8. A 22. B 36. D 50. A 64. E 9. C 23. D 37. C 51. D 65. C 10. F 24. E 38. D 52. B 66. B 11. D 25. F 39. E 53. F 67. C 12. B 26. C 40. A 54. E 68. F 13. D 27. A 41. F 55. F 69. A 14. F 28. E 42. B 56. A 70. E