Satellite data products to support climate modelling –Land Cover Finnish Environment Institute

1. Satellite data products to support climate modelling –Land Cover FinnishEnvironment Institute Pekka Härmä Markus Törmä Suvi Hatunen

2. Background • In the standardversions of SNOWCARBO modelsLandcover is descibedusingGlobalLandCovercharacteristics data base (USGS) • Old data set: Based on EO data receivedearly 1990 ! • Global data set • feasibility for regionalmodeling in nordicborealconditions ? • Up-to-datelandcover data setsnowavailable in differentresolutions (25m-300m) • Enhancedlandcoverinformation for the modling

3. Content • GlobalLandCovercharacteristics data base • Description of alternative data sources for landcover in northernEurope • CorineLandCover • GlobCover • Landcoverbased on MODIS products • Proposedlandcover data for the modeling in SNOWCARBO

4. GlobalLandCovercharacteristics data base • Producedby the U.S. GeologicalSurvey • Based on timeseries of satellite data (NOAA AVHRR) with 1 km spatialresolution • received in 1992-1993 • Monthly NDVI maximumvalues • Unsupervisedclassification and data integrationwithmap data (DEM, ecoregions, etc) • Nomeclature: 94 landcovercategoriesdefinedbyOlson 1994 (Globalecosystemsframework) • Spatialdistribution of landcovercategories for the modeling

5. GlobalLandCovercharacteristics data base Modifiedby Max Plank Institute • Allocation of landsurfaceparameters for each Olsson ecosystemtype • Backgroundsurfacealbedoαs, • Surfaceroughnesslengthdue to vegetation z0,veg, • Fractionalvegetationcover cv, L • Leafareaindex LAI for the growing and dormancyseason, • Forestratioorfractioncf, • Plant-availablesoilwater holding capacityWava, • Volumetricwiltingpointfpwp • Gives the characteristics of vegetation and soils for the models

6. CORINE LandCover • EuropeanLandCover data • FundedbyEuropeanEnvironmenrtAgency and MS • versions 1990, 2000, 2006 • Changes 1990-2000; 2000-2006 • 44 landuse and coverclasses • vector data with MMU of 25 ha (100 m and 250 m raster) • Landcoverchangesmappedwith MMU of 5 ha • Productionmethod • Based on highresolutionsatellite data (20-30 meterresolution) • Producedby national teams • Coordinated, validatedby EEA • Visual interpretation in mostcountries • Automatedprocessingchains (Fin, Swe, No, …) • Continuousprogram • Futureupdatespart of GMES landmonitoring • Nextupdate 2012

7. CORINE LandCover in Finland • Standard version of CorineLandCoverdoesnotmeet national data needs • SYKE hasproducedalso a national version of CLC data • Highspatialresolution (25*25 m raster) • Landcoverchanges (mmu 0.5 – 1 ha) • Moredetailednomenclaturewith national landcovercategoriesincluded • In Finland versions 2000 and 2006 • Landcoverchanges 2000-2006 • Nextupdate 2012; changes 2006-2012 • National cooperation • SYKE, Metla, GL • MML, VRK, Tike, Mavi • Utilization of existing data sourcesfromdifferentorganizations

8. An example CorineLandCover 2000 CorineLandCover 2006 CorineLandCoverchanges 2000-2006

9. LandCoverchanges 2000-2006 • Changedareascover 4.2 % of the totalarea of Finland • Forestcuttings and regrowthabout 90 % • build-upsprawl 2 % • Clearance for agriculture 5 % • Reforestation of agriculturalareas 2 % • As a result • Area of build-upareas and agriculturalareasincreases • Area of forestsdecreases (regarded as source of co2) New agriculturalareas (blue) and build-upareas (red)

10. GlobCover v2.2 Mostrecentgloballandcover data • Fundedby ESA • ProducedbyMedias France, BrockmannConsult, UCL, JRC, UCL, …. • Based on timeseriessatellite data (ENVISAT MERIS) withspatialresolution of 300 meters • received 2004-2006 • Monthlymosaics of reflectancemaps (15 bands) • Regionalclassification and classlabelingwithexistinglandcover data • Global version with 22 landcoverclasses • Regional version with 51 classes • Nomenclaturedefinedusing UN landcoverclassificationsystem (LCCS)

11. New regionallandcover data Objective: Production of regional LC homogenous in terms of surfaceparameters in nordicareas of Europe Input Data Time series of globalMODIS-products in 1 km resolution (producedby NASA) received 2007 and 2008 • Vegetation Index (EVI)- (MOD13A3) • Leaf Area Index - (MOD15A2) • Albedo (MCD43B3) Processing • Computemonthly (march-october) meanvalues (2007 & 2008) • Defineminimum and maximumvalues • Unsupervicedclassification • ClasslabelingusingFinnish national CorineLandCover 2000 and GlobCover

12. Olsson class. Processing of revisedlandcoverdatasets for the modeling Processingsteps • Recode into Olsonlandcovercategories Coparison of classdescriptions in different data sets • GlobalEcosystemFramework 1. Definitions (J.S.Olson) • GLOBCOVER – ProductsDescriptionmanual • CORINE nomenclature Comparison of surfaceparameters of Olsonclasseswithlocal data covering Finland • Forestratio – Crowncoveragemaps of Finland byMetla • LAI – LAImaps of Finland by J. Heiskanen (HY) • Filtering • Resample into 1 km resolution • Reproject into Olsson grid and projection • Merge new nordic data into global Olsson data set Alternative set of landcovermaps for the modeling Clustering. GlobCover Corine + GlobCover

13. An example a. Original Olson ecosystem classification b. GlobCover recoded into Olson c. Corine Land Cover recoded into Olson

14. Olson - GlobCover - Corine Land Cover Comparison within Finnish territory • Areal distribution of land cover categories compared with corresponding statistics • Classification accuracy (error matrix) Remarks • Proportion of forests overestimated (especially Olsson); • Olson • No open bogs, mires and marshes in Olson • agricultural areas mostly interpreted as forest • GlobCover • Proportion of agricultural areas underestimated – mixed with sparsely vegetation areas • GlobCover provides better distribution of land cover in Finland than Olson data

15. OlsonecosystemclassificationGlobCoverclassification CorineLandCover+GlobCoverclassificationClusteringanalysis

16. National version of CorineLandCover GlobCover CorinelandCover

17. Thankyou