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CSC 2260 Operating Systems and Networks

CSC 2260 Operating Systems and Networks. Chapter 10 Fall 2008 Dr. Chuck Lillie. The Client Side of Networking. 10. Chapter. Understanding the TCP/IP Protocol Suite File and Print Clients on Private Networks Connecting to the Internet Internet Clients

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CSC 2260 Operating Systems and Networks

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  1. CSC 2260Operating Systems and Networks Chapter 10 Fall 2008 Dr. Chuck Lillie

  2. The Client Side of Networking 10 Chapter Understanding the TCP/IP Protocol Suite File and Print Clients on Private Networks Connecting to the Internet Internet Clients Troubleshooting Common Network Client Problems

  3. Learning Objectives • Apply basic TCP/IP knowledge and skills • Use a file and print client to connect to shares • List methods for connecting to the Internet • Identify and configure common Internet clients • Troubleshoot common client connection problems

  4. Understanding the TCP/IP Protocol Suite • TCP/IP is a suite of protocols that work together to allow similar and dissimilar systems to communicate • The two core protocols are Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP) • TCP/IP protocol is automatically installed in Windows when a network card is present

  5. Understanding the TCP/IP Protocol Suite • Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) • Responsible for the accurate delivery of messages • Verifies and resends pieces that fail to reach the destination • TCP has several sub-protocols

  6. Understanding the TCP/IP Protocol Suite • Internet Protocol (IP) • Packages communications in chunks, called packets • Allows a computer to be identified by a logical address called an IP address • Each packet is given a header that contains information including the source address (local host address) and the destination address • Special routing protocols can use a destination IP address to choose the best route for a packet to take

  7. Understanding the TCP/IP Protocol Suite • Internet Protocol (IP) (continued) • IP has several sub-protocols • IP addresses are very important • A computer cannot communicate on a TCP/IP network without a valid IP address

  8. Understanding the TCP/IP Protocol Suite • Internet Protocol (IP) (continued) • IP Addressing Fundamentals • An IP address is assigned to a network adapter • When a modem and LAN adapter are present, each connects a computer to a different network • A desktop computer usually has only a single network device connecting it to a specific network, so that is the only address by which the computer is known on that network

  9. Understanding the TCP/IP Protocol Suite • Internet Protocol (IP) (continued) • IP Addressing Fundamentals (continued) • An IP address has four parts in dotted decimal format • Example: 192.168.100.48 • Four sets of base-10 numbers (decimal) • Each number is within 0 to 255 • Rules determine how these numbers are used

  10. Understanding the TCP/IP Protocol Suite • Internet Protocol (IP) (continued) • IP Addressing Fundamentals (continued) • 4.3 billion possible IP addresses • Allocation methods have reduced the usable number • Current version IP Protocol 4 (IPv4)

  11. Understanding the TCP/IP Protocol Suite • Internet Protocol (IP) (continued) • Which addresses can be used? • Public Addresses • Assigned to hosts on the Internet • A host is any computer or device that has an IP address • Source address must be unique on the entire Internet • Destination address must be unique on the entire Internet

  12. Understanding the TCP/IP Protocol Suite • Internet Protocol (IP) (continued) • Which addresses can be used? (continued) • Public Addresses (continued) • Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) allocates numbers to Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) • RIRs allocate numbers to ISPs • ISPs allocate numbers to customers

  13. Understanding the TCP/IP Protocol Suite • Internet Protocol (IP) (continued) • Which addresses can be used? (continued) • Private Addresses • They are not to be used on the Internet • Used in private IP networks • No permissions required • An address from one of three ranges of IP addresses • 10.0.0.0 through 10.255.255.255 • 172.16.0.0 through 172.31.255.255 • 192.168.0.0 through 192.168.255.255

  14. Understanding the TCP/IP Protocol Suite • Internet Protocol (IP) (continued) • Which addresses can be used? (continued) • Private Addresses (continued) • To connect to the Internet, each data packet with a private source address must be intercepted, repackaged, and given a public IP address as its source address before being sent out onto the Internet • If there is a response, each packet will be repackaged and returned to the private address • An Internet router substitutes (or translates) a private IP address to a unique Internet IP address

  15. Understanding the TCP/IP Protocol Suite • Internet Protocol (IP) (continued) • How Does a Host Get an IP Address? • Static Address Assignment • Manually configured for a host • In most organizations, static IP addressing is done only on servers, network printers, and network devices • Network administrator will provide on a LAN • ISP will provide for an Internet connection (if needed) • Enter in TCP/IP properties for the network connection

  16. Understanding the TCP/IP Protocol Suite • Internet Protocol (IP) (continued) • How Does a Host Get an IP Address? (continued) • Automatic Address Assignment (DHCP and APIPA) • Methods by which a computer can be assigned an IP address, and all the additional configuration settings, automatically. • Most organizations do Automatic IP addressing via Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server • If no DHCP server responds, a DHCP client may self-assign via Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA)

  17. Understanding the TCP/IP Protocol Suite • Internet Protocol (IP) (continued) • IP Configuration Settings • Subnet Mask • As critical as the address itself • Divides IP address into two parts: Host ID and Net ID • Example: • IP address 192.168.100.48 • Mask of 255.255.255.0 • Host ID = 48 • Net ID = 192.168.100

  18. Understanding the TCP/IP Protocol Suite • Internet Protocol (IP) (continued) • IP Configuration Settings (continued) • How masking works in binary math • IP address of 192.168.100.2 • In binary = 11000000.10101000.01100100.00000010 • Mask of 255.255.255.0 • In binary = 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 • Masking results in • Net ID of 192.168.100 • Host ID of 2

  19. Understanding the TCP/IP Protocol Suite • Internet Protocol (IP) (continued) • IP Configuration Settings(continued) • Default Gateway • IP address of the router on the LAN • Net ID of the default gateway address should be identical to that of the IP address • Router directs traffic beyond the local network • Without this, traffic will not travel beyond local network • Example: router connects network 192.168.100 to other networks • Any packet for other networks is sent to default gateway

  20. Understanding the TCP/IP Protocol Suite • Internet Protocol (IP) (continued) • IP Configuration Settings • DNS Servers • Domain Name System (DNS) is a distributed online database • Names mapped to IP addresses • Thousands of name servers maintain this distributed database • DNS client queries a DNS server to determine the IP address of a web site • A query of "mcgraw-hill.com" returns 198.45.18.151

  21. Understanding the TCP/IP Protocol Suite • Internet Protocol (IP) (continued) • IP Configuration Settings (continued) • DNS Servers (continued) • Two DNS Server addresses in Windows IP configuration • Preferred DNS server is contacted with queries • Alternate DNS server is contacted ONLY after no response from Preferred server

  22. Understanding the TCP/IP Protocol Suite • Internet Protocol (IP) (continued) • IP Configuration Settings (continued) • Advanced TCP/IP Settings • DNS • Add more than two DNS servers • Change the order in which the DNS servers are used • Allows the DNS client to request a name search for a domain name when an incomplete name is entered • WINS • Enter WINS servers • WINS resolves NetBIOS names to IP addresses

  23. Understanding the TCP/IP Protocol Suite • Internet Protocol (IP) (continued) • IP Configuration Settings (continued) • Advanced TCP/IP Settings (continued) • WINS • NetBIOS over TCP/IP automatically installed with TCP/IP • NetBIOS used in Microsoft workgroups, NT domains, and Active Directory domains with a mixture of new and old.

  24. Understanding the TCP/IP Protocol Suite • Internet Protocol (IP) (continued) • IP Configuration Settings (continued) • Viewing an IP Configuration with IPCONFIG • A command line command • Displays the IP configuration of network interfaces • Displays information on static or DHCP clients • Available in all versions of Windows but Windows 95 • In Windows 95 use WINIPCFG • IPCONFIG /all displays all IP configurations for all network interfaces

  25. File and Print Clients on Private Networks • File and print client for each file sharing protocol • Microsoft's Server Message Block (SMB) • Novell's NetWare Core Protocol (NCP) • Common Internet File System (CIFS) • Network File System (NFS)

  26. File and Print Clients on Private Networks • Client for Microsoft Networks • Automatically installed and enabled in Windows • Can see computers with file and printer sharing turned on • SMB and CIFS • View servers and shares in My Computer | My Network Places • Connecting to shares depends on permissions

  27. File and Print Clients on Private Networks • Novell Clients • Microsoft’s Client Service for NetWare • Not automatically installed on a Windows computer • One comes with each version of Windows • Can be installed optionally, if needed • After installation complete Select NetWare Logon dialog box • Select a NetWare server or an NDS tree and context • Microsoft client for Novell is less capable than Novell’s • Used when just a few Novell file and printer servers

  28. File and Print Clients on Private Networks Step-by-Step 10.01 Install the Client Service for NetWare Page 489

  29. File and Print Clients on Private Networks • Novell Clients • Novell Client by Novell for Windows • Available for free from Novell • Preferred in a Novell network • Better tools for use by Novell administrators • Separate Novell clients for Windows versions and other OSs • Download from www.novell.com

  30. File and Print Clients on Private Networks • Connecting Client to Shares • Connecting to a file share • Browse to a share using My Computer or Windows Explorer • Use a Universal Naming Convention (UNC) name in Internet Explorer or Windows Explorer • Search for it in an AD domain • UNC name is used on Microsoft networks • Syntax: \\servername\sharename • Example: \\wickenburg\data

  31. File and Print Clients on Private Networks • Connecting Client to Shares (continued) • Connecting to a file share (continued) • Mapping assigns local unused drive letter to a network share • Select Tools | Map Network Drive

  32. File and Print Clients on Private Networks Step-by-Step 10.02 Connecting to a Share Page 492

  33. File and Print Clients on Private Networks • Connecting Client to Shares (continued) • Connecting Clients to Shared Printers • Connecting to printers using UNC names • Connecting to printers using IPP • Adding a standard TCP/IP printer

  34. File and Print Clients on Private Networks Step-by-Step 10.03 Connecting to a Shared Printer Page 494

  35. Connecting to the Internet • Internet Service Providers • Provide Internet access to individuals or companies • May offer other Internet-related services • Examples: • Ground Control (www.groundcontrol.com) satellite Internet service • T-Mobile (www.tmobile.com) cellular Internet service • Local telephone companies provide ISP services for dial-up and DSL customers • Comcast (www.comcast.com) cable Internet service

  36. Connecting to the Internet • Computer-to-Internet vs. LAN-to-Internet • Computer may have a direct Internet connection • Computer may connect to the Internet through a LAN • Wired Connectivity Technologies • Dial-up Connections • Use traditional phone system • Inexpensive WAN option • 56Kbps • Need ISP service • Cannot use voice and data on same line

  37. Connecting to the Internet • Wired Connectivity Technologies (continued) • Dial-up Connections (continued) • Installing a Modem • Verify modem works • Connect external modem to computer and power • Internal modem is turned on with computer • Install from Phone and Modem Options applet in Control Panel

  38. Connecting to the Internet Step-by-Step 10.04 Installing a Modem in Windows Page 499

  39. Connecting to the Internet • Wired Connectivity Technologies (continued) • Dial-up Connections (continued) • Creating a Dial-up Connection • New Connection Wizard in Windows XP • AOL or CompuServe have separate installation programs • Initiate a dial-up session using the connection applet • Internet browsers and e-mail clients can be configured to open connection when the application is started

  40. Connecting to the Internet Step-by-Step 10.05 Configuring a Dial-up Client Page 502

  41. Connecting to the Internet • Wired Connectivity Technologies (continued) • High-Speed Connections • Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) • Digital phone service • Special modem and phone service • Up to 128Kbps • Slightly higher cost than modem dial-up • Rarely used in homes in the U.S. • Simultaneously supports data, voice and fax machine • Dropping out of favor due to better alternatives

  42. Connecting to the Internet • Wired Connectivity Technologies (continued) • High Speed Connections (continued) • Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) • Uses advanced digital signal processing over telephone network • Requires changes in components on telephone network • Simultaneously supports data, voice and fax machine • Dedicated circuit from home or office to central office • Several xDSL versions available: • ADSL, SDSL, HDSL, VDSL

  43. Connecting to the Internet • Wired Connectivity Technologies (continued) • High Speed Connections (continued) • T-Carrier System • T-1 • 24 individual channels transmitting 64 Kbps each • Combined throughput of 1.544Mbps • Fractional T-1 • One or more individual T-1 channels • Cheaper alternative to T-1 • T-3 • 672 channels with combined throughput of 44.736Mbps • Most expensive

  44. Connecting to the Internet • Wired Connectivity Technologies (continued) • High Speed Connections (continued) • Cable • Cable modem service • Cable television networks sell a portion of bandwidth for data • Faster than common telephone lines • Simultaneously supports data, audio, and video • Signal is shared • Increase in number of users decreases bandwidth to each user

  45. Connecting to the Internet • Wireless Connectivity Technologies • Wireless WAN (WWAN) Connections • Covers a large geographical area • Accessible to mobile users • Fully bidirectional • Basic WWAN services offers 1 to 10Mb • Speeds over 100 Mbps with dedicated equipment • Requires antenna tuned to proper radio frequency

  46. Connecting to the Internet • Wireless Connectivity Technologies (continued) • Satellite • For areas without a wired network that can support broadband • Used for a significant percentage of all worldwide ISP links to the Internet backbone and to customers • Estimated 10% of worldwide broadband traffic in 2003 involved satellite communications • Used for mobile communications by the armed forces, businesses, and individuals • Faster downstream than upstream

  47. Connecting to the Internet • Wireless Connectivity Technologies (continued) • Satellite (continued) • Requires an earth-based communications station consisting of a Transceiver (satellite dish) and a Modem-like device • Satellite dish pointed at a data satellite • Modem connected to the dish and computer or LAN • Mobile installation more expensive than stationary • Satellite links to a land-based operations center which routes signals to the Internet

  48. Connecting to the Internet • Wireless Connectivity Technologies (continued) • WLAN Connections • 802.11a • Speeds up to 54 Mb • Most public access to WLANs do not use this standard • Uses the 5-GHz band • 802.11b • Speeds up to 11Mbps • Compatible with most WLAN access points • Uses the 2.4-GHz band

  49. Connecting to the Internet • Wireless Connectivity Technologies (continued) • WLAN Connections (continued) • 802.11g • Speeds up to 54Mbps • Sustained throughput of 25Mbps • Uses the 2.4-GHz bank • Downward compatible with 802.11b

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