Conservation and Management of Sandalwood (Santalum album Linn) in Indonesia

1. Conservationand Managementof Sandalwood (Santalum album Linn) in Indonesia

2. Legend : : Natural distribution of Santalum album in Indonesia (Overall natural distribution) Distribution and habitat • Status of origin : Native to East Nusa Tenggara, Maluku and Central Sulawesi • Floristic element : Eastern andSouthern provinces ofMalesian element

3. Habitat • Vegetation type : Monsoon Forest • Altitude range : 50 – 1200 m asl • Associated tree species: ampupu (Eucalyptus urophylla), hue (E. alba) and kabesak (Acacia leucophloea)

4. cont • Annual rainfall: 625 – 1625 mm/year • Climate type: D – E (Schmidt and Ferguson) • Grows on a wide variety of soils (dry, sandy and stony soils), on flat as well as sloping lands but it can’t grow on wet land. Semiparasit spesies: need host plant

5. Uses • Perfumes, carvings, medicine, soaps and religious ceremonies

6. Population Status Comparative results from sandalwood inventories 1987/88 and 1997/98 in East Nusa Tenggara Growing stocks on the basis of this data have declined in the order of an 85 percent over the last decade.

7. Major threat : Heavy exploitation/clear cutting combined with little regeneration (due to forest fire, livestock) and mismanagement of resources • Species level : Vulnerable (VU) • Indonesia level : Critically Endangered (CR)

8. Regulation • Province regulation: No 16/1986, sharing benefit local government: local community = 85: 15 No 2/1996, sharing benefit local government: local community = 60: 40 No 2/1997 = banning further logging for next 5 years Regency regulation (2000) Since this year, sandalwood growing on private land is owned by local community

9. Other Legislations • Act No. 5/1990 (UU No. 5/1990) on Conservation of Living Resources and Their Ecosystems, primary emphasis was on protection efforts including protection of buffer zones and biodiversity preservation • Environmental Act No 23/1997 (UU No. 23/1997), policy aspects and environmental management of natural and man-made resources including genetic resources are regulated • Forestry Act No. 41/1999 (UU No. 41/1999), gives specific reference to conservation of flora and fauna • Ministerial Decree, Minister of Forestry Decree which regulate FGR utilization and conservation, tree improvement activities, provision and distribution of forest tree seed, is now in the process of finalization.

10. Conservation and tree improvement Ex-situ conservation: • Objective: to conserve genetic variation from natural distribution • Seed collection: from Timor, Sumba, Alor, Pantar, Flores Island • Nursery • Planting Sandalwood in ex situ conservation Gn. Kidul, Yogyakarta, 4 years

11. Seedling Seed Orchards (SSOs) • Objective: to meet seed supply for plantation • Seed collection: from Timor, Sumba, Alor, Pantar, Flores Island • Nursery • Planting SSOs in Gn. Kidul, Yogyakarta, 1.5 years

12. Tissue culture • Objective: To provide planting material for degraded sandalwood FGR area

13. Rehabilitation of sandalwood FGR (on Timor) • Collaboration with other stakeholder: 1. CPF 2. Local Forest Service 3. University 4. Tribal institution

14. Thank you