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Human Geography of Australia – “Land Down Under”

Human Geography of Australia – “Land Down Under”. History. Aboriginal People – original inhabitants of Australia Migrated from Asia 40,000 to 50,000 years ago Lived in isolation until the arrival of Europeans in the 1700s 300,000 aborigines – before Europeans 500 groups

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Human Geography of Australia – “Land Down Under”

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  1. Human Geography of Australia – “Land Down Under”

  2. History • Aboriginal People – original inhabitants of Australia • Migrated from Asia 40,000 to 50,000 years ago • Lived in isolation until the arrival of Europeans in the 1700s • 300,000 aborigines – before Europeans • 500 groups • 200 different languages

  3. Early Explorers • 1770 – British explorer James Cook lands on the east coast of Australia • 1787 – first group of prisoners boarded ships for isolated Australia • 1788 – Australia’s 1st European settlers arrived in Sydney Harbor • Next 80 years, 160,000 men, women, and children were transported to Australia • Many stayed after their sentences ended.

  4. European Settlement • 1788 – British began to colonize Australia (called New South Wales until 1820) • Violent conflict between British and the Aboriginal people • 1851 – gold was discovered in Australia – its population grew steadily • Before WWII, most of Australia’s immigrants came from Great Britain • After WWII, Greece, Italy, and other southern and eastern Europe countries

  5. Modern Nations • 1901 – several Australian colonies joined into a single, independent nation • Australia is part of the British Commonwealth (a free association of Great Britain and several of its former colonies)

  6. The Great Barrier Reef

  7. Economy: Meat, Wool, and Butter • Major exporter of farm products • Sheep and cattle ranching – major economic activity in the outback • Largest exporter of wool in the world

  8. Australia’s Culture • Most Australians – British descent • Commonwealth member • Drive on the left side of the road, drink tea • Christianity is major religion • Speak English

  9. New Zealand

  10. History of New Zealand • Maori – first settlers of New Zealand – migrated there from Polynesia more than 1,000 years ago • Lived by hunting, fishing, and farming • British captain, James Cook arrived in New Zealand in 1769 • Settled by hunters and whalers from Europe • 1840 – Treaty of Waitangi – signed between British and several Maori tribes – gave Britain control of New Zealand • English version – Great Britain had complete control • Maori version – gave Great Britain “governorship” • 1861 – gold discovered

  11. The Land Wars • 1845-1847 • 1860-1872 • 1862 – law passed to let people buy native lands, Maori lost most of their territory • 1990s – Maori made land claims – they won some awards of cash and land

  12. Rights and Land Claims • 1893 – New Zealand became the first country to grant women the right to vote • 1907 – became self-governing

  13. Economy • Commonwealth Member • Earns much of its income by selling butter, cheese, meat, and wool • Ranching • Crops include vegetable • Largest producer of kiwi fruit

  14. Antarctica

  15. US McMurdo Station

  16. Antarctica

  17. Today’s Issues Southeast Asia, Oceania, and Antarctica Should native people be given back their ancestors’ land?

  18. Aboriginal People Lose Land • British Policy • Aboriginal people used the land for hunting and gathering • Terra Nullius – empty land • The significance of the British doctrine of Terra Nullius was that colonists claimed property rights on the basis that Aboriginal people did not farm, mine, or build on the land

  19. Aboriginal People Lose Land • Stolen Land • 1788 – Europeans begin to settle Australia • They wanted fertile land – pushed Aborigines off • Aboriginal people tried to fight what they saw as an invasion of their land • They were defeated because Europeans had superior weapons

  20. Aboriginal People Lose Land • Stolen Children - between 1909 to 1969, Australian government took about 100,000 mixed raced children and gave them to white families to promote assimilation • Assimilation – occurs when a minority group gives up its culture and adopts the majority group’s culture

  21. Land Claims • Hard-Won Victories • 1967 – Aboriginal people recognized as full citizens of Australia • Land Rights Act of 1976 • Gave Aboriginal people the right to claim land in the Northern Territory • RESULT: they could own their reserves and some land in the Northern Territory

  22. The Mabo Case • Eddie Mabo • MaboCase – Court recognized that Aboriginal people ahd owned land before the British arrived • The Mabo case overturned the doctrine of TerraNullius, by which Britain originally took the land

  23. The Wik Case • Wik people – an Aboriginal group • Landholding in Australia • Government still owns huge chunks of Australia. Ranchers take out pastoral leases – renting the land from the government • In earlier cases, Aboriginal people had to prove their traditional relationship to a piece of land in order to claim it. • Wik Case – the court ruled that Aboriginal people could claim land held under a pastoral lease • The national government amended the Wikdecision in order to wipe out many Aboriginal land claims

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