ITEC 715

1. ITEC 715 The Design of Multimedia Learning Week 8

2. Recall from Last Week What is the ADDIE model?

3. What is the ADDIE Model? ADDIE is an acronym. Each letter stands for one phase of a 5-phase process: Analyze Design Develop Implement Evaluate (Personally, I’ve always felt the “I” step (for “Implement”) was a bit misnamed  “Rollout” or “Deploy” would more accurately name this step, but that would mess up the acronym) The ADDIE Model The ADDIE Model

4. What is the ADDIE Model? ADDIE is an acronym. Each letter stands for one phase of a 5-phase process: Analyze  Discover the gaps between current and desired learner behaviors Design  Specify learning objectives, organize and sequence content, choose implementation method (e.g., online or classroom), choose assessment options Develop  Write the script, choose specific graphics and other media, write assessment questions, and if e-learning is part of the solution then actually build the course (e.g., write the programming code, etc.) Implement  Roll out the built course to learners Evaluate  Did students like the course? Did they learn anything? Did they put what they learned to use on the job? Did doing so make any difference to the business’s “bottom line”? The ADDIE Model The ADDIE Model

5. Clients will want to review a design and give approval before committing resources to the development effort In many cases, your design will need to be approved internally (by a Lead Instructional Designer) before it is sent to the client How can you document your design, without actually building the course, so that clients and your own internal management can understand your intent and make sure that everyone is “on the same page” (e.g., all learning objectives are adequately addressed, etc.)? The ADDIE Model The First “D” in “ADDIE”

6. Clients will want to review a design and give approval before committing resources to the development effort In many cases, your design will need to be approved internally (by a Lead Instructional Designer) before it is sent to the client How can you document your design, without actually building the course, so that clients and your own internal management can understand your intent and make sure that everyone is “on the same page” (e.g., all learning objectives are adequately addressed, etc.)? ANSWER: You will write an E-learning Design Document (which we’ll call an EDD for short) The ADDIE Model The First “D” in “ADDIE”

7. I’ve provided you with a template for your EDD It contains 4 main sections Notes & Bibilography lists global notes (e.g., in the real world, you might still be missing content that the client has promised but not yet delivered to you), and file paths and/or bibliographic citations of source material Course Overview  Gives catalog description of course, lists prerequisites (if any), primary course-level learning objectives, and shows high-level view of your sequencing of the content, broken down by module and topic Assessment Strategy  Shows how many assessment questions you will ask in order to test mastery of each of the course’s stated learning objectives Course Breakdown by Module  Shows detailed breakdown of your content sequencing, down to the page level, with recommended implementation page-type selected from your prototype and a description of recommended graphics or other media to be used The ADDIE Model EDD Walkthrough

8. SOURCE MATERIALS: Normally, the client would provide you with at least some source materials. For this class, you will have to come up with your own materials. List them in Section I of your EDD The ADDIE Model EDD Considerations

9. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: For the EDD, list learning objectives as items in a bulleted list. Keep in mind the following: Learning objectives must specify observable behaviors such as categorizing, identifying, describing, etc. Note that “knowing” is not an observable behavior (you can’t observe if someone “knows” something) Good learning objectives are specific and measurable, as in Robert Mager’s “Criterion Referenced Objectives” model in which you state the: Performance  the observable task the learner will perform Conditions  the conditions under which the learner will perform the task Criteria  an explicit description of what constitutes acceptable performance The ADDIE Model EDD Considerations Example: Using any reference materials, correctly identify 85% of the copyedit errors on each supplied example document within 5 minutes.

10. CHOOSING / SEQUENCING PAGE TYPES: Variety is the spice of life! Try not to place more than 2 or three presentation pages in a row without breaking them up with activity pages Even for short runs of presentation pages, try to vary the type. For example, if you start with a “Text with Graphic” page, try not to follow it with another “Text with Graphic” page. If you still need to present additional content before proceeding to an activity page, try to use a different page-type to do the additional presenting—maybe a “Text with Animation” or “Text with Video” or “Text- (or Graphic- ) Explore” page will do Later in the course, you’ll fill out a color-coded document that will identify at a glance how much page-type variety is in your design. Keep this in mind! The ADDIE Model EDD Considerations

11. CHOOSING / SEQUENCING PAGE TYPES, continued: “Tell and Test” Traditional e-learning begins by presenting content, then ends by asking the learner to answer questions about it. Michael Allen* calls this approach “Tell and Test” for obvious reasons Within the “Tell and Test” paradigm, content presentation is usually sequenced to start with the simplest, most foundational skills and then builds up as the course progresses to ever more sophisticated and complex tasks Allen suggests that this means the instruction tends to begin with the boring stuff and doesn’t get interesting or meaningful until the course is almost over. That’s not very motivating for the learner! The ADDIE Model EDD Considerations

12. INSTRUCTIONAL INTERACTIVITY: Don’t let the learner sit passively while your course drones on with page after page of “lecture” Break up content presentation with frequent knowledge checks, interactive challenges, and assessment questions Most beginning instructional designers think that the learner learns most from the content presentation portions of the course, but in fact, learners need to work with the material to have any hope of retaining it. Instructional interactivity is at the core of successful e-learning The ADDIE Model EDD Considerations

13. FEEDBACK: Consider how you will let learners know if they have successfully met your interactive challenge. Broadly speaking, there are two ways: Extrinsic feedback  An (often anonymous) authority says “That’s correct,” or “That’s incorrect, please try again.” Intrinsic feedback  The learner sees the consequences of his or her choice and judges its correctness based upon the desirability of the consequences (e.g., after choosing to yell at his or her boss in a simulated interaction, the learner gets “fired.”) The ADDIE Model EDD Considerations

14. FEEDBACK, continued: Timing can also be important Immediate feedback  There is a place for immediate feedback, but be careful when employing it. Telling the learner right away whether his or her answer is correct can lead to mindless guessing until the feedback reveals the correct answer. The learner, having done no real work to get the answer, gains nothing from this “interactive” experience Delayed feedback  By not telling the learner if his or her answer choice is correct or not, you give the learner a chance to explore the possibility space, and to back up and try again if a particular set of choices doesn’t seem to be working. Often, the learner will arrive at the correct answer, without having to be told. By discovering it on his or her own, the accomplishment is more meaningful and the knowledge gained is more likely to be retained The ADDIE Model EDD Considerations

15. FEEDBACK, continued: Other strategies Ask “Why?”  Sometimes, after a learner chooses an answer (whether right or wrong), instead of saying if the answer is right or wrong, ask the learner to justify the answer. This makes the learner reflect on the underlying reasons, and reduces the chance that the learner is simply guessing Ask for a free-form answer, then have the learner click a button to compare his or her answer with that of an expert. The assessment of whether the answers are sufficiently close is up to the learner, making him or her work with the material one extra step Ask for a free-form answer, then show how other learners have answered the question in the past (requires saving answers from one learner so they can be displayed to another). This adds a useful social dimension to the learning The ADDIE Model EDD Considerations

16. The ADDIE Model This Week Design Document Review(Break into groups of 4 and critique each others’ design documents)

17. Remember to use good “Critiquing Etiquette” Consider: Good learning objectives? Action verbs Condition, performance, criterion Number of assessment questions reflects importance of learning objective Logical organization into Modules, Topics, and Pages Reasonable mapping of content to page types The ADDIE Model Design Document Critiques

18. This Week Scripting from Your Design Document

19. Scripting from Your EDD ITEC 715 • After client sign-off, the next step in the e-learning production process is to script the course • Make any client-requested changes to the EDD, then use it as a blueprint for scripting the course: • Go back to your prototype and copy out the page-types specified in your EDD • Replace all place-holder/prototype content with actual content for the course

20. Scripting from Your EDD ITEC 715 • In many production environments, IDs write “structured” scripts. Typically, this means scripts are written inside multicolumn script tables, one table per page-type (possibly with a “header” table preceding each “content” table)

21. Scripting from Your EDD ITEC 715 • Advantages of structured scripts include: • Structured content has a defined space for every piece of content and information that is required to build the page, and thus minimizes the chance that the ID will forget to put in something whose absence would slow down the production pipeline • Structured content can be processed by computer programs to automate some or all of the build process

22. Scripting from Your EDD ITEC 715 • You won’t be using a structured script in the class, though • Instead, simply type your final copy directly into PowerPoint. Lay out your final graphics or place holders for your animations, videos, dialog controls, and other buttons • In other words, your script for this class will be a PowerPoint deck

23. This Week Sound in Instructional Multimedia:Some Examples for Class Discussion

24. Instructional Use of Audio ITEC 715 • Instructional podcast (audio only): http://csulb.edu/lats/itss/design/xml-files/episode-005.mp3 • Traditional e-learning with audio: Example 1: FTZ • Traditional e-learning with audio: Example 2: JONH_03

25. This Week Intro to Audio Production

26. Audio Fundamentals What is Sound?

27. Sound Sound is a compression wave in the air. You hear it because your ears convert the changing air densities into signals that your brain interprets as sound. If you graph the compression and rarefaction cycles of a sound wave, you end up with something that looks like the picture at the lower right. 1 wavelength Diagram source: Principles of Digital Audio, 2nd Edition by Ken C. Pohlmann (1989)

28. Visually Representing Sound Usually, in a graph of a sound wave, the vertical direction represents amplitude and the horizontal direction represents time. All sound requires time, so that axis is fairly self explanatory. But amplitude, which is a measure of the relative compaction or rarefaction of the air, is less familiar. Amplitude (usually in dB)  Time (usually in seconds) 

29. Frequency and Amplitude Putting It Into Practice Frequency  Pitch Human hearing: 20 Hz – 20,000 Hz High frequency Low frequency Amplitude  Loudness Human hearing: 0 dB – ~120 dB Soft Loud

30. Frequency and Amplitude Putting It Into Practice At the right are graphs of three sound waves. Which wave would sound the loudest? Which would sound the highest? Which would sound the lowest? Which would sound the softest?

31. Frequency and Amplitude Putting It Into Practice Highest frequency = sounds the highest pitch Medium amplitude = medium loudness Lowest frequency = sounds the lowest pitch Smallest amplitude = softest sound Medium frequency = medium pitch Biggest amplitude = loudest sound

32. Nyquist Theorem Sample Rate  Freq. Range = sample points The Nyquist sampling theorem says you must use a sample rate that is twice as high as the highest frequency you wish to record. Jon Faddis sampled at 44.1 KHz 9 8 6 3 1 0 2 5 7 8 8 7 5 2 0 1 4 5 Jon Faddis sampled at 2 KHz Sample values Sound source: “High Five” by Jon Faddis from Hornicopia(1991)

33. Applying the Nyquist Theorem The Nyquist Frequency QUESTION: If you want to be able to record frequencies within the entire range of human hearing, what is the minimum sample rate you must use?

34. Applying the Nyquist Theorem The Nyquist Frequency (cont.) QUESTION: If you want to be able to record frequencies within the entire range of human hearing, what is the minimum sample rate you must use? HINT:The range of human hearing is 20 Hz to 20 KHz.

35. The NyquistFrequency (cont.) QUESTION: If you want to be able to record frequencies within the entire range of human hearing, what is the minimum sample rate you must use? HINT:The range of human hearing is 20 Hz to 20 KHz. ANSWER: According to Nyquist’s theorem, you must sample at twice the rate of the highest frequency. Hence, your minimum sample rate is 40 KHz.

36. Bit Depth  Dynamic Range A recording’s dynamic range is the difference in volume between its loudest and softest sounds. The more accurately you measure the amplitude of the sound wave at each sample point, more dynamic range you can capture in your digital recording. In practice, bit depths are almost always multiples of 8 and rarely go over 32 bits. Since sounds louder than about 120 dB cause us pain, 24 bits is usually enough for playback purposes. (Range of human hearing = ~120 dB)

37. Loudness vs. Dynamic Range Which recording below has more dynamic range? Pop music example Classical music example Pop source: “Goodnight” by Matthew Stewart from No Stone Unturned (2000) Classical source: “Andante” by Franz Joseph Haydn from Symphony No. 94 (“Surprise”) (1791)

38. Digital Sound Quality The table at the right shows commonly used sample rate / bit depth combinations. Note that in the consumer press (and, particularly, in advertisements for consumer electronics), terms like “CD Quality” are used rather loosely. But true CD quality means 44.1 KHz / 16 bit uncompressed. (You’ll learn more about compression later in this workshop – stay tuned!) These numbers are sometimes abbreviated by leaving out the units, e.g., you might say a soundcard supports 96/24 sound.

39. Review Sound = compression waves in the air Human Hearing = Frequency range: 20 Hz – 20 KHz; Dynamic range: 0 – 120 dB Frequency  Pitch Amplitude  Loudness/Volume Sample Rate  Highest Freqency Bit Depth  Dynamic Range Nyquist Theorem  Must sample at 2x the sound’s highest frequency

40. Module 2: Recording with Audition

41. Microphone Two things needed for digital audio recording: • Microphone • Digital audio recording software • A limited number of mics like this are available for checkout from SFSU’s Cahill Lab, Burk Hall 319 • May still be available for purchase from Radio Shack for ~$30 (“Hands-Free Tie-Clip Omni-Directional Electret” part number 33-3013) • Pros: Pretty decent mic for cheap; small; easy to bring out into the field • Cons: Some computer soundcards don’t have the ability to get a strong signal from this kind of mic; requires an analog mic input jack Analog lavalier (clip-on) mic

42. Microphone • Microphone • A cheaper, simpler option that will still work well for our purposes • Available from Amazon, Best Buy, etc. for ~$20-$30 (Logitech brand shown at left) • Pros: Inexpensive; doesn’t require batteries; somewhat portable; doesn’t require an analog mic jack on your computer; no problems with weak signal strength • Cons: just so-so sound quality (but plenty good enough for our basic voice recordings); odd-shaped tip won’t take traditionally-sized foam wind-socks Digital tabletop USB mic

43. Microphone • Microphone • A classic mic, used on thousands of professional recordings • Relatively inexpensive (about $100) • Pros: Good sound quality • Cons: Requires a microphone pre-amp Analog, professional vocal mic: Shure SM58 (~$100) Or: A knock-off that’s very similar: GLS ES-58 (~$35)

44. Adobe Audition

45. Making a Recording Your goal is to record sound so that its loudest portion comes as close as possible to the top and bottom of your work window, but no farther. Too Soft Too Loud OK Sound source: “It’s Just A Thing” by Kurt Elling from The Messenger (1997)

46. Clipping Remember that amplitude values you can measure are directly related to how many bits you devote to each measurement. If your sound level is so high that you run out of bits trying to measure it, you get clipping. Waveforms with clipped peaks sound distorted. Generally, this is something you want to avoid. Clipping Sound source: “It’s Just A Thing” by Kurt Elling from The Messenger (1997)

47. Unfortunately, if your microphone input levels are too low, you get a different kind of problem: excessive noise. All recordings record both sound you want to hear and background noise you don’t want to hear. If you record some “silence,” what you’ll actually get is the sound of the air particles moving around in the room and colliding with the walls. Professionals call this room tone. Room Tone

48. Room Tone Rooms of differing volumes and differing configurations have different-sounding room tones, but since you can’t have sound without air (remember: sound is density changes in air), room tone will always be present when you make recordings indoors. noise floor True silence noise signal

49. Signal to Noise Ratio Signal amplitude – noise amplitude = the signal to noise ratio The signal to noise ratio can be maximized by either a. lowering the noise floor, or b. raising the signal level (or both). : Suppose we record a narrator twice – once with a strong signal (large amplitude), and once with a weak signal (small amplitude). During playback, we’ll have to turn up the volume in order to hear the recording with the weak signal. But “turning up the volume” amplifies everything, including the noise. This will make our recording sound “hissy.” For a clean recording, we want the ratio of the signal’s amplitude to that of the noise’s amplitude to be as high as possible.

50. Activity 1A Activity 1A: Recording, Normalizing, Noise Reduction, and Saving I’ll record, then the class will normalize and noise reduce.