Supplement Use In Adolescents

1. Supplement Use In Adolescents FND 252 Chase Chesterman

2. Dietary Supplement (DS) • “a product taken by mouth that contains a ‘dietary ingredient’ intended to supplement the diet” – FDA • Dietary ingredient- vitamin, mineral, herb or other botanicals, amino acids, and substances such as enzymes, organ tissues, glandular, and metabolites. • Extracted or concentrated

3. Dietary Supplements • Variety of Forms • Tablets, powders, capsules, softgels, gelcaps, liquids and bars.

4. Vitamin and Mineral • Studies show 48.7 % take Vitamin and Mineral tablets • For reasons such as poor diet, illness prevention, sports performance, parental control. • Typical responses are “keeps me healthy,” “keeps me fit for sports,” and “vitamin C to prevent colds.”

5. High Protein Formulas • 4% have reported using these supplements • For taste, thirst, energy, bulk up/gain weight, and parental control. • Because “Helps me grow,” “gives me more energy for sports,” “quenches thirst,” or “stops my cold sores.”

6. Herbal Remedies • 17.9% reported taking herbal supplements • Most common are ginseng, lysine, and Echinacea • For illness prevention, energy boost, increase sports performance • Because “Stops my cold sores,” “helps me with sports,” or “keeps me from getting sick”

7. Sports Drinks • 56% reported using Sports Drinks • For taste, thirst, soft drink substitute, energy boost, sports performance, coaches preference, and prevent cramps • Because “Taste nice,” “the energy gives you a lift,” “there’s a lot of vitamins in it,” “keeps me from getting cramps in sport,” or “cools you down.”

8. Energy Drinks • 42 % reported using Energy Drinks • For taste, energy, sports performance, peer pressure, and attractive labeling • Because “makes me feel more energetic,” “other guys on the team take it,” “the caffeine gives me a buzz,” “the labeling looked cool, so I bought it” or “they’re like a soft drink."

9. Ergogenic Aids • Definition- “substances, techniques, or materials that are work-engendering or performance-enhancing.” – Holowchak • Five types: pharmacological, mechanical, physiological, psychological, and nutritional • Will only be discussing pharmacological and nutritional aids

10. Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids • Anabolic- derived from testosterone or synthetically made steroid hormone that resembles testosterone in promoting the growth of muscle. • Can be taken orally or injected • National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA) 2010 reports 0.5% 8th graders, 1.0% 10th graders, and 1.5% 12th graders, used steroids in the previous year.

11. Positives Of Steroids • Increases Lean Muscle Tissue • Treatment for many health problems • Aplastic anemia • Red-cell aplasia • Hemolytic anemia • Renal failure • Myeloid Metaplasia • Leukemia

12. Negatives • Abuse, especially by athletes, causes serious health implications • Liver damage, jaundice, water retention, hypertension, and increase in LDL • Males-shrinking of testicles, baldness, breast development, and infertility • Female-facial hair, menstrual changes, male-patterned baldness, deepening voice • Teens risk stunted growth, accelerated puberty changes, and severe acne

13. Creatine • Naturally synthesized by combining the amino acids glycine, methionine, and arginine in physiological amounts in kidney, liver, and pancreas. • Taken for enhanced performance and improved appearance • Grades 6-12 have reported taking creatine • The highest percent was 12th grade of 44% • Used by athletes of all sports

14. Positives • Naturally synthesized by body. • Can be found in diet. • Creatine facilitates the production of free energy during exercise • Documented studies show creatine improves baseline strength in adults.

15. Negatives • There is little to no research on the effects of creatine in peoples under 18 • Fear of supplementation at young age will lead to more serious aids, ex. steroids • Can cause health implications • Renal failure • Kidney Damage

16. Human Growth Hormone (HGH) • Produced by pituitary gland, regulated by hypothalamus • Prompts increase in linear height, muscle development, and bone growth • Studies have reported 5% of adolescent males have taken the growth hormone • Taken to Improve Athletic Performance

17. Positives • Adults • Growth Hormone Deficiency • Muscle Wasting Due to HIV • Short Bowel Syndrome • Children • Growth Hormone Deficiency • Chronic Kidney Disease • Turner Syndrome • Prader-Willi Syndrome

18. Negatives • Short-Term • Joint and Muscle Pain • Fluid Build Up • Swelling in Joints • Long-Term • HIV, AIDs, or Hepatitis if using needles • Heart Disease

19. Ephedra • Also Known As Ma Huang • Illegal in most states • Can be found in some over-the-counter drugs for asthma • Used as a Thermogenic for Weight Loss • Mimics effects of Adrenaline

20. Positives • Has been proven: • Weight Loss • Helps women with sexual dysfunction • Tolerate Asthma

21. Negatives • Over 100 deaths reported • Causes • Rapid Heartbeat • High Blood Pressure • Agitation • Insomnia • Nausea • Testing Positive for methamphetamines on Drug Screenings

22. Education and Counseling • Educate them about ALL supplements • Teach positive and negatives • Long-term effects • How the supplements work • Give them the tools needed • Teach them healthy diet and exercise • Understand their goals

23. Works Cited • Consumption of nutritional supplements among adolescents: usage and perceived benefits Health Educ. Res. (2003) 18(1): 98-107 doi:10.1093/her/18.1.98 • Diehl, K., Thiel, A., Zipfel, S., Mayer, J., Schnell, A., & Schneider, S. (2012). Elite Adolescent Athletes' Use of Dietary Supplements: Characteristics, Opinions, and Sources of Supply and Information. International Journal Of Sport Nutrition & Exercise Metabolism, 22(3), 165-174. • "Food." Overview of Dietary Supplements. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Aug. 2012. <http://www.fda.gov/Food/DietarySupplements/ConsumerInformation/ucm110417.htm>. • Froiland, K., Koszewski, W., Hingst, J., & Kopecky, L. (2004). Nutritional Supplement use Among College Athletes and Their Sources of Information. International Journal Of Sport Nutrition & Exercise Metabolism, 14(1), 104-120. • "Growth Hormone Use & Abuse." Hormone.org. Hormone Health Network, June 2009. Web. 18 Aug. 2012. • "Kids' & Teens' Health." - Hartford Hospital, Connecticut. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Aug. 2012. <http://www.harthosp.org/HealthLibrary/WellnessCenters/KidsTeensHealth/default.aspx?chunkiid=21697>. • M. Andrew Holowchak (2002): Ergogenic Aids and the Limits of Human Performance in Sport: Ethical Issues, Aesthetic Considerations, Journal ofthe Philosophy of Sport, 29:1, 75-86 • Metzl, J. D., Small, E., Levine, S. R., & Gershel, J. C. (2001). Creatine Use Among Young Athletes. Pediatrics, 108(2), 421. •  "Steroids (Anabolic)." Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Aug. 2012. <http://www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/steroids-anabolic>.