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Memory & Thought

Memory & Thought. Information Processing. 3 Steps: 1. Input – Info from the senses’ receptors 2. Central Processing – Sorting and Storing (Thought) 3. Output – Ideas & Actions that result from Processing. Taking Information In.

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Memory & Thought

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  1. Memory & Thought

  2. Information Processing 3 Steps: 1. Input – Info from the senses’ receptors 2. Central Processing – Sorting and Storing (Thought) 3. Output – Ideas & Actions that result from Processing

  3. Taking Information In Information? – Any event that reduces uncertainty Taken in through the senses via: Voices, Music, Taste, Pungent Odors, Colorful Images, Textures, Pain, etc… Sensory inputs are managed by: 1. Selective Attention 2. Feature Extraction

  4. Selective Attention Defined – The Ability to Pick and Choose among all the various available inputs.

  5. Selective Attention Con’t. A. Cocktail Party Phenomenon – The Brain’s ability to concentrate on 1 thing W/O tuning out everything else 1. Top priority info is allowed to reach the highest brain centers, while unimportant info is suppressed 2. Strange & Novel info gets priority. Like What? 3. Personal Interest – Senses Selective Filter Memory Awareness Test - PassingAwareness Test - Whodunnit

  6. Feature Extraction Locating the Outstanding Characteristics of Incoming Information Depends on … Experience

  7. Feature Extraction Con’t This is an Evaluative Process Requiring: • Prototypes – A personal mental Representation of an object FaceTreeCarBird • Schema – Preconception of Objects, Situations, more Complex than a single Object. HouseConcertProfessional Office

  8. Storing Information(Memory) 1. Memory – Storage of Inputs a. Sensory – Instant b. Short Term – 7 items, about 20 Seconds c. Long Term – Indefinitely – 100,000,000,000,000 bits 2. Sensory Storage – The result of senses being able to Hold an Input for a fraction of a second

  9. Short Term Memory • Events that have Just Occurred • What is in the Conscious Mind At Any One Moment • Can hold about 7 Bits for About 20 Seconds Example: Read the following and then write C Y X G M B F O B G S F K I E R J N W S C F P T

  10. Ways to Improve STM 1. Rehearsal – Enables you to keep info in short term memory for more than 20 Seconds 2. Chunking – Placing items in Groups, Reduces the number of items examples: SSN: 109-70-7427 Phone: 315-487-8328 Black Yellow Navy Red Purple Gold Orange Blue Green White Door Bread Sock Key Kitchen Sister Bagel Fridge Television Couch Mom Sent Me To Buy Some Italian Bread For Dinner Hob Zuu Toa Gre Sau Tep Neau Hoek Amo Emu

  11. Chunking & Flashbulb Memories • Chunking is useful because… • Usually once something in STM is Forgotten even though it may be Rehearsed • Memories held in STM long enough may be Consolidated (Strengthened) into Long Term Memory 3. Flashbulb Memories – Memories Instantly transferred to LTM or Instantly Forgotten • Test answers are often Forgotten even though Rehearsed • Special personal or Truly Frightening events (FOREVER!) • Meaningful & Emotional events • “Taboo” Words – retained due to “Shock Value”

  12. Working Memory • Temporary Storage is not Just a Storage; WM is the Way we store things while we are Working with them. • 3 Components described by researchers Gaddeley & Hitch A. Phonological Loop – Stores Auditory Info (inc. Words) B. Visuospatial Sketchpad – Stores Visual Info C. Central Executive: - Directs Attention towards a Stimulus - Determines which items will be stored in LTM

  13. Long Term Memory • Stores Info for future use… Names, Dates, Words, Faces, etc.. • Five Types of LTM: A. Declarative Memory – The ability to state a memory in words B. Explicit Memory – Deliberate Recall of Info that one Recognizes as a memory C. Procedural Memory – Development of Motor Skills D. Implicit Memory – Influence of Recent Experience on Behavior E. Episodic Memory – Personal Life

  14. Memory & We have mostly just theories right now • Memory may be due to Changes in the form of • Senility may be due to Ceasing Protein Production in the brain • Some synapses may be Facilitated or Inhibited Rehearsal Builds Synapses!!! • Memory may actually be stored In Several Areas • Hippocampus – Damage results in Some Memory Loss, but not all – this leads to Confusion Almost all theories are speculative!

  15. Retrieving InformationHas Three Parts Retrieval is Dependent on Organization! • Recognition • Provides insight into How Information Is Stored • Information may be Indexed under Several Headings or Parts of the Brain

  16. Retrieving Information 2. Recall – Active Reconstruction of Information • Involves: Knowledge, Attitudes, Expectations, Schema, Prototypes, & Outside Influence A. Confabulation – Remembering parts of an event, filling in the Gaps by “making-up” the rest. B. Eidetic Memory – Photographic Memory “Young Brains” C. Engram – The Physical Representation (Brain Change) Lashley – Cut rats brains to find learning from running a maze.

  17. Retrieving Information 3. Forgetting – When info in LTM cannot be Retrieved, Inputs may Decay • Interference – When a memory is blocked by Previous or Subsequent Memories 1979 (4yrs old) 1995 (20 yrs old) Today (37 yrs old) This is Proactive Interference – A more Recent memory is Blocked by a Previous memory

  18. Retrieving Information 1998 (8 yrs old) 2005 (15 yrs old) 2007 (17 years old) This is Retroactive Interference – A Previous memory is Blocked by a more Recent memory. Repression – Subconsciously Blocking of memories of Embarrassing or Frightening experiences

  19. Amnesia The Loss of Memory – Total or Parts (5 types) 1. Functional Amnesia – Due to Psychological reasons Great Fright or Shock 2. Organic Amnesia – Due to Physical Injury to the Brain Common Causes: Disease, Alcohol Poisoning, Chemical Action (Drugs), Senility – Loss of Brain Mass, Alzheimer’s 3. Anterograde Amnesia – Memory doesn’t function After damage

  20. Amnesia & Alcoholics • Severe Thiamine Deficiency (Alcoholics) • 12 oz Nutrition is short on Vitamins (B1) • Brain needs Thiamine (B1) to use Glucose • Prolonged deficiency leads to loss or shrinkage of neurons 4. Retrograde Amnesia – Loss of Memories BeforeBrainDamage 5. Infant Amnesia – Most adults Remember Very Few events before the age of 4 • Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome • Symptoms: - Apathy - Confusion - Retro & Antero - Confabulation

  21. How Do We Improve Memory? • Be more Efficient Putting It In. (Chunking or Meaning) • Overlearn! – Rehearsal Protects Memories - Cramming is Counter Productive long term - This takes Planning and Time • Use Mnemonic Devices – Association Techniques F O I L i u n a r t n s s e e t t r r Every Good Boy Does Fine Kings Play Chess On Fat Guys’ Stomachs

  22. Central Processing of Info • Humans are capable of Thinking & Prob. Solving with Creativity & Originality • What is Thinking? – Changing and Reorganizing info in memory in order to Create new Information • Units of Thought: 1. Image – Mental representation of an Event or Object 2. Symbol – Sound or Design that Reps. an Object (THINKING IN WORDS) 3. Concept – Symbol is used as a label for a Group or Event (THIS CHUNKS LARGE AMOUNTS OF INFO) 4. Rule – Statement of a Relation between Concepts

  23. Kinds of Thinking • Directed – Systematic & Logical attempt to reach a Goal This uses Symbols – Concepts – Rules (Words) – (Adjectives) – (Sentences) Try This: “ A man lies dead in the desert, the only thing next to him is a rock, there is no trauma to the body. What’s his name?” • Non-Directed – Free Flow of thought (Images, Daydreams, & Fantasies) Use the sheet of paper to just write everything you’re thinking

  24. Problem Solving The main function of Directed Thinking • Strategies – Specific Methods for problem solving 1. Break the Problem Down (What are the various parts) 2. Work Backwards (Start where you want to end up) 3. Make a List (Prioritize your steps) 4. Guess and Check (Doesn’t work for everything) 5. Find a Pattern (Allows you to make predictions) 6. Draw a Picture (Visualizing gives a different perspective) 7. Make a Table or Chart (Organizes thoughts) 8. Use Logic (I know this is foreign to some of you) 9. Act it Out (Great if you can’t draw or a sequence issue)

  25. Problems with Problem Solving The Greatest TV Hero of All Time • Set – When a Strategy becomes a Habit • Rigidity – When a SetInterferes with PS – no longer effective • Functional Fixedness – (AKA – Anti-MacGyver Syndrome) 1. Inability to imagine new functions for familiar objects 2. Make the Wrong Assumptions 3. Tend to overlook solutions that involve intermediate steps

  26. Creativity • The Ability to use info in such a way that the result is: NEW ORIGINAL MEANINGFUL Has 3 distinct parts: 1. Flexibility – The ability to OvercomeRigidity 2. Recombination – New mental Rearrangement of elements 3. Insight – Sudden emergence of a Solution by Recombination of elements. Leads to

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