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RFID Technology

RFID Technology. NCTT 2005 Summer Conference Warren Hioki Community College of Southern Nevada. What is RFID?. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a method of storing and retrieving data through electromagnetic transmission to an RFID transponder, also known as an “RFID tag.”.

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RFID Technology

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  1. RFID Technology NCTT 2005 Summer Conference Warren Hioki Community College of Southern Nevada

  2. What is RFID? • Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a method of storing and retrieving data through electromagnetic transmission to an RFID transponder, also known as an “RFID tag.”

  3. RFID: An Emerging RF Technology on Center Stage • Yr 2003: $1.1 billion industry • Yr. 2004: $2.5 billion industry • Yr 2005-2006: $5.5 billion industry

  4. A Global Internet of Things • RFID employs a numbering scheme called EPC (for "electronic product code") which can provide a unique ID for any physical object in the world. • “In the future, everything of value will be on the Internet,” says John Foster, Software CTO for Sun Microsystems. • Growth in technology will be outside the realm of the PC and network, a “Megatrend” according to Fowler.

  5. The Wal-mart Effect • When Wal-Mart speaks, the retail industry listens • Wal-Mart issues 2005 RFID Mandate to top 100 suppliers • 12,000 other Wal-Mart Suppliers must follow suit

  6. Target Sears/Kmart Albertsons American Express Visa, Mastercard Home Depot 7-Eleven Inc. Coca-Cola Robert Bosch Tool DOD, DOE, DOT, DOH, FAA Agriculture Industry Gaming Industry Automotive Industry Athletics Pharmaceuticals Libraries Semiconductor Industry Others Follow Suit

  7. People Animals Credit Cards Grocery Items Department Store Items Cars, Trucks, Trains, Boats Airline Luggage Hospital Wrist Bands Tools Boxes, Crates, Pallets Casino Chips Euro Notes Test Equipment Soccer Balls toilets Trees Birds, Fish, Shell Fish Keyless Entry/Exit Doors Museum Artwork Weapons and Ammunition What’s Being Tagged?

  8. History • 1920s: RFID was developed at MIT as a way for robots to "talk" to one another • 1939: RFID technology was used extensively by the British in WWII as a way to track planes and other vehicles with IFF (identification of friend or foe) transponders • 1948: “Communication by Means of Relflective Power,” a Landmark paper by Harry Sockman • 1950s: D.B. Harris “Radio Transmission Systems With Modulatable Passive Repsonder • 1952: F.L. Vernon’s “Application of the Microwave Homodyne • 1960s: R.F. Harrington advances theory with “Field Measurements Using Active Scatterers”

  9. RFID History (cont) • 1970s: Explosion of RFID research and inventions (Los Alamos Labs, Raytheon, Northwestern University, RCA, Fairchild) • 1980s: Worldwide Implementation and deployment of RFID in transportation, personnel access, and agriculture • 1990s: Expansion of RFID into retail, electronic toll collection, fuel dispensing, parking and building access, etc. • 2000s: RFID has become ubiquitous and mainstream; Retail giant Walmart slaps RFID mandate on over 100 of its top suppliers; Target and other retailers follows suit • http://www.aimglobal.org “The History of RFID Shrouds of Time”

  10. RFID Components • Antenna • Reader (Interrogator) • Transponder (Tag) • Host Computer • Software

  11. RFID Tags • Active Tags: (Read/Write) Contain a micro chip, an on-board power source for data transmission to the reader, and an antenna • Semi-active Tags: Same as active tag but power source requires a “wake-up field” from RFID reader to turn on • Passive Tags: (Read Only) Contain a micro chip and an antenna

  12. Figure 1: An Ant Playing with RFID Chips (Courtesy of AIM) Figure 2: Passive RFID Tag Architecture (Courtesy of AIM)

  13. Tag Antennas • Antennas are typically built into the chip • ½ wavelength in length • Single dipole • Dual dipole • Loop • Patch Dipole Antenna Dual Dipole Antenna

  14. EPC Class Specification

  15. EPC Code Structure Type 1 64-bit format Type 2 64-bit format Type 3 64-bit format 96-Bit Format

  16. EPC Field Definition • Version No.: Defines EPC structure type • Domain Manager: Defines mfg. number • Object Class: Defines product number • Serial No.: Serial number of object

  17. Error Control • May or may not be used • CRC-16: G(x) = X16 + X12 + X5 + 1 (ISO/EIC 3309) • Reader to tag computation on all n bits of the packet. 1’s Complement stored on tag

  18. Signal Measurement (Inductive Coupling) http://www.rfid-handbook.de/rfid/measurements.html

  19. Modulation Technique –a reader to tag command http://www.rfid-handbook.de/rfid/measurements.html

  20. Function of the Reader • Provided energy to the tag • Provide a carrier signal for the tag to modulate and resonate back to the reader • Detect the modulated signal from the tag and decode its data • Transmit detected data to host computer

  21. Examples of RFID Readers

  22. Functions of the Tag • Untilize the electromagnetic energy provided by the reader • Detect and decode the reader signal • Resonate the carrier signal sent by the reader • Modulate the resonated signal sent back to the reader

  23. Layout considerations

  24. Challenges facing RFID • Standardization • Costs • Training • Data Security • Long-term electromagnetic radiation • Issues of Privacy and Ethics • California Senator Debra Brown (2003) “How would you like it if, for instance, one day your realized your underwear was reporting on your whereabouts?”

  25. References • Special thanks to Tomas E. Grajales, Vice President of R&D of Dynasys Technologies Inc. for providing the use of all Axcess Inc. slides. • Toward a Global “Internet of Things”: :http://java.sun.com/developer/technicalArticles/Ecommerce/rfid/ • The Use of RFID as a Replacement for Traditional Bar Coding: http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/user/cjs/tech.html • Shrouds of Time, RFID History http://www.mindcontrolforums.com/news/shrouds_of_time.pdf • RFID Timeline: http://people.interaction-ivrea.it/c.noessel/RFID/RFID_timeline.pdf#search='application%20of%20the%20microwave%20homodyne%20and%20vernon‘ • RFID Handbook: http://www.rfid-handbook.de/index.html • CASPIAN http://www.nocards.org/welcome/index.shtml • RFID A Week Long Survey: http://people.interaction-ivrea.it/c.noessel/RFID/RFID_research.pdf • RFID White Paper: http://www.rmsomega.com/documents/RFID_White_Paper_ScanSource_000.pdf • RFID Standards: http://www.impinj.com/page.cfm?ID=aboutRFIDStandards • Electronic Product Code (EPC): http://www.zebra.com/id/zebra/na/en/index/rfid/faqs/epc_rfid_technology.html • Destron Technologies Cattle Tags: http://www.destronfearing.com/pipdf/tx12102fdx_b_cattletag050702.pdf

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