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p. 200

The Sun in UV showing hottest gases. p. 200. Sun with sunspots. Fig. 10-2, p. 202. Fig. 10-3, p. 202. Photosphere – visible surface about 5,800 ºK. Sunspots on the photosphere are violent magnetic storms. Temperature is about 2,000ºK cooler, so less light is emitted.

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p. 200

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  1. The Sun in UV showing hottest gases p. 200

  2. Sun with sunspots Fig. 10-2, p. 202

  3. Fig. 10-3, p. 202

  4. Photosphere– visible surface about 5,800ºK. • Sunspots on the photosphere are violent magnetic storms. • Temperature is about 2,000ºK cooler, so less light is emitted. • Umbra and penumbra. The dark inner part of the sunspot • surrounded by less dark region. • Chromosphere – lowest part of solar atmosphere. Temperature • is a few hundred degrees cooler. • Solar flares. Eruptions on the solar surface. • Prominences loops). Trapped in magnetic field of hot ionized • gases in the solar chromosphere. • Corona. Outer atmosphere, very hot but very low density. Can be up • to one million degrees. Best observed during solar eclipses. • Sunspots numbers follow an eleven-year cycle. Each 11 years the • magnetic polarity changes so in reality it is 22 year cycle. • Sunspots have very strong magnetic field as observed by the • splitting of spectra (Zeeman effect).

  5. By mass 75% hydrogen, 24% helium, 1% other Table, p. 203

  6. Corona Solar eclipse 2002 Diamond ring effect Sun showing through Moon valley. Fig. 10-4, p. 203

  7. Composite picture of Solar eclipse (1998) showing corona Plus UV photo of the Sun Fig. 10-10, p. 206

  8. Coronal loops Fig. 10-15, p. 208

  9. Sunspots Size of Earth Fig. 10-16, p. 208

  10. Magnet with iron filings showing poles Fig. 10-17, p. 209

  11. 11 year sunspot cycle Fig. 10-18, p. 208

  12. 11 year sunspot cycle Fig. 10-18, p. 208

  13. Solar prominences in the chromosphere Fig. 10-21, p. 211

  14. The presence of a massive body warps the space nearby. Light rays bent by gravity. Precession of the perihelion of Mercury. Amount predicted by Einstein was already observed. Solar eclipse observation of starlight. Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity

  15. Mercury orbit precesses slowly Starlight bends near a source of gravity. Fig. 10-23, p. 212

  16. AST1622.swf

  17. Fig. 10-24, p. 212

  18. p. 213

  19. Fig. 10-25, p. 214

  20. AST1621F5.swf

  21. AST1624.swf If gravity is too strong so that the escape velocity > c, then the star becomes a black hole. Not even light can escape.

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